阿托莫西汀

阿托莫西汀(Atomoxetine)
臨床資料
其他名稱(R)-N-Methyl-3-phenyl-3-(o-tolyloxy)propan-1-amine
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
MedlinePlusa603013
懷孕分級
给药途径口服(胶囊剂,10、18、25、40、60、80和100毫克)
ATC碼
法律規範狀態
法律規範
藥物動力學數據
生物利用度63 to 94%
血漿蛋白結合率40%
药物代谢肝脏,通过CYP2D6
生物半衰期5小时
排泄途徑肾脏(>80%)和粪便(<17%)
识别信息
  • (3R)-N-methyl-3-(2-methylphenoxy)-3-phenylpropan-1-amine; (R)-N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-(o-tolyloxy)propan-1-amine
CAS号83015-26-3  checkY
PubChem CID
IUPHAR/BPS
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEBI
ChEMBL
CompTox Dashboard英语CompTox Chemicals Dashboard (EPA)
ECHA InfoCard100.120.306 編輯維基數據鏈接
化学信息
化学式C17H21NO
摩尔质量255.355 g/mol
291.820 g/mol (hydrochloride)
3D模型(JSmol英语JSmol
  • O(c1ccccc1C)[C@@H](c2ccccc2)CCNC
  • InChI=1S/C17H21NO/c1-14-8-6-7-11-16(14)19-17(12-13-18-2)15-9-4-3-5-10-15/h3-11,17-18H,12-13H2,1-2H3/t17-/m1/s1 checkY
  • Key:VHGCDTVCOLNTBX-QGZVFWFLSA-N checkY

阿托莫西汀(atomoxetine, 商品名:Strattera 思銳/择思达),也称托莫西汀[1](tomoxetine)[2],為一種用於治療注意(力)缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)的藥物[3],屬於非中樞神經刺激藥物。主要副作用有:口乾、疲倦等。該藥為去甲腎上腺素再攝取抑製劑(NRI)。主要用來治療注意(力)缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)患者的症狀。去甲腎上腺素是腦中調節注意力、搏動性和活動水平的重要物質,該藥主要透過阻斷或減緩去甲腎上腺素的再攝取使得去甲腎上腺素濃度增加而發揮作用。[4]阿托莫西汀被歸類為去甲腎上腺素再回收抑制劑,主要用於改善注意(力)缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)的核心症狀。其具有些微緩解抑鬱的作用。根據美國精神醫學會的文獻,在注意力不足過動症的藥物治療中,阿托莫西汀有時與中樞神經刺激劑一起使用。[5]

這種化合物由禮來公司以品牌名稱Strattera在美國製造、營銷和銷售。禮來是最初申請其為專利的公司,也擁有其在美國的專利。美國以外地區有其非原廠藥物出售,製造藥廠包括Torrent藥廠(品牌名稱Tomoxetin)、蘭伯西實驗室(品版名稱Attentin)、太陽製藥公司INTAS生物製藥。其非原廠藥物目前還沒有直接在美國生產,因為它在美國的專利直到2017年才到期。[6]

化學成分

阿托莫西汀的化學性質為 (-)-N-甲基-3-苯基-3-(O-甲苯基缩水甘油醚)-丙胺鹽酸鹽,而其分子量為291.82。溶解度為27.8毫克/毫升水。

阿托莫西汀是一種白色固體顆粒,與預糊化澱粉二甲基矽油一同放於膠囊內。

阿托莫西汀的膠囊殼含有明膠、十二烷基硫酸鈉、FD&C藍色2號、合成黃色氧化鐵鈦白粉氧化鐵紅食用黑墨水和微量其他非活性成分。

藥理學

阿托莫西汀抑制去甲腎上腺素轉運體5-羥色胺轉運體多巴胺轉運體。解離常數的基值分別為5、77和1451。

微透析研究中顯示,它使前額葉皮層的去甲腎上腺素多巴胺濃度增加3倍,但並沒有改變在紋狀體伏隔核的多巴胺濃度。阿托莫西汀對血清素膽鹼腎上腺素受體具有小許親和力。[7][8]

介紹

禮來公司的Strattera膠囊

阿托莫西汀為去甲腎上腺素再攝取抑製劑,被批准用於兒童、青少年和成年注意(力)缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)患者。阿托莫西汀與中樞神經興奮劑同樣為治療注意(力)缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)的第一線藥物,然而其對特定症狀改善的程度可能與中樞神經興奮劑不同(兩類藥物各有其長處)。阿托莫西汀的療效沒有在六歲以下兒童研究過。

臨床測試顯示,阿托莫西汀可提供24小時的注意(力)缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)症狀的改善。阿托莫西汀的治療效果可能需要開始服藥後一個星期才會逐漸被患者或患者周遭的人感受到。阿托莫西汀的藥效會在開始服用後4~8週完全顯現,此時是患者決定是否繼續增加劑量的適當時機。注意(力)缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)患者如果對中樞神經興奮劑沒有反應、反應不佳或過敏,可考慮使用阿托莫西汀。患者可向醫生詢問,共同制定一個漸進的劑量法,以盡量減少副作用的發生。

由於本藥物可能導致肝功能受損,建議用藥者定期追蹤自己的肝功能血液

與中樞神經興奮劑相比

縱然阿托莫西汀與中樞神經興奮劑同樣為治療注意(力)缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)的第一線藥物,然而其對特定症狀改善的程度可能與中樞神經興奮劑不同(兩類藥物各有其長處)。阿托莫西汀在改善「過動-衝動」的症狀上,略優於派甲酯派甲酯則在改善「分心」的症狀上,略優於阿托莫西汀[9]

而阿托莫西汀與哌甲酯(methylphenidate)併服的處方尚未經美國食品藥物管理局核可,但醫師會視個案的情況(如:共病、預後、......)以開仿單標示外使用(off-label use)的方式處方之。[10]

歷史

Strattera最初打算成為一种新的抗抑鬱藥,但在臨床試驗中,療效沒有想像中這麼強。由於去甲腎上腺素被認為是形成注意(力)缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)的重要因素,Strattera隨後用來測試治療注意(力)缺陷多动障碍(ADHD),最後成功獲批。

命名

阿托莫西汀最初被稱為“Tomoxetine”。然而,因為“Tomoxetine”与“它莫西芬”(tamoxifen,乳腺癌的藥物)名称相似,美國食品和藥物管理局(FDA)要求更改名称,以免導致在藥房配藥失誤。

劑量

體重 每天服用的起始劑量(Initial Daily Dose) 總計每天服用的目標劑量(Target Total Daily Dose) 總計每天服用劑量的上限(Maximum Total Daily Dose)
年齡小於18歲且體重小於70公斤 0.5 毫克/每公斤(mg/Kg) 1.2 毫克/每公斤(mg/Kg) 1.4 毫克/每公斤(mg/Kg)
年齡大於或等於18歲年齡小於18歲且體重大於70公斤 40 毫克/天(mg/day) 80 毫克/天(mg/day) 100 毫克/天(mg/day)
  • 建議劑量與種族無關。
    藥品最新的仿單(說明書)並無提到不同種族與劑量之間的關係。
  • 總計每天服用劑量的上限 = 無論分幾次服用,一天之內最多可攝取的劑量。
  • 「每天的起始劑量」應服用至少三天,使身體適應後,才可開始服用「每天的目標劑量」。

符合以下條件者,其建議劑量須低於上表:

  1. 肝功能受損者
  2. CYP2D6的代謝功能較慢者。
  3. 同時正在服用具有強抑制CYP2D6代謝的藥物。
  4. 肝功能不全所引起的黃疸

[11]

副作用和注意

少見

包括口乾疲勞

極少見

煩躁噁心食慾下降便秘頭暈出汗、排尿困難、性問題性慾減退、尿瀦留、增加強迫行為、體重變化、心悸、增加心率和血壓。

極罕見

包括情緒波動、情緒障礙、抑鬱症、異常的思維模式、自殺念頭或傾向、自我傷害和瞳孔散大導致視物模糊。偶爾長時間使用後部分患者有輕度抑鬱症、疲倦和健忘。

注意

FDA已在2004年發出了警告指出,本藥物可能引起肝損害,建議服藥者(特別是有輕微肝腎功能問題或黃疸患者)定期追蹤肝功能[12][13][14]

潛在的濫用

阿托莫西汀是一種低成癮風險的藥物,並不產生如其他多動症藥物的強烈刺激作用。

實驗使用

臨床精神醫學雜誌載有一臨床雙盲試驗,測試阿托莫西汀治療暴飲暴食症的效力。該實驗人數僅40人,為期10週。結果是托莫西汀“顯著減少暴飲暴食頻率”。平均每日劑量為106毫克/天。作者的結論是阿托莫西汀有效短期治療暴飲暴食症。另外,美國杜克大學醫學中心在一為期12週的隨機對照試驗,研究阿托莫西汀對成年肥胖婦女的效用。這項研究的30名肥胖婦女的身高體重指數為36.1。其中一半接受阿托莫西汀治療,療程後平均體重下降,而另一半接受安慰劑則輕微上升。[15][16]

檢測

血漿血清或全可檢測出阿托莫西汀,以診斷是否中毒或協助調查攝取過量而致命的案件。[17]

合成

福斯特,BJ; Lavagnino,ER,歐洲專利,1982年, EP 0052492 。

參見

參考

  1. ^ 盐酸托莫西汀胶囊说明书. 丁香园用药助手. [2023-06-28]. (原始内容存档于2023-02-06). 
  2. ^ Preti, A. Tomoxetine (Eli Lilly & Co).. Current opinion in investigational drugs (London, England : 2000). 2002-02, 3 (2): 272–7. PMID 12020059. 
  3. ^ 存档副本. [2012-05-15]. (原始内容存档于2012-03-22). 
  4. ^ 存档副本. [2012-05-18]. (原始内容存档于2016-02-16). 
  5. ^ ADHD Parents Medication Guide (PDF). American Psychiatric Association (American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry and American Psychiatric Association). 2013-07 [2019-05-16]. 原始内容存档于2019-05-16. 
  6. ^ "Drugmaker Eli Lilly loses patent case over ADHD drug, lowers revenue outlook"
  7. ^ 存档副本 (PDF). [2011-07-09]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2013-07-10). 
  8. ^ 存档副本. [2012-05-15]. (原始内容存档于2013-07-10). 
  9. ^ Chi-Yung Shang, Yi-Lei Pan, Hsiang-Yuan Lin, Lin-Wan Huang & Susan Shur-Fen Gau. An Open-Label, Randomized Trial of Methylphenidate and Atomoxetine Treatment in Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Journal of child and adolescent psychopharmacology. September 2015, 25 (7): 566–573. PMID 26222447. doi:10.1089/cap.2015.0035. 
  10. ^ Parental Medication Guide:American Psychiatric Association with American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (PDF). [2017-01-29]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2019-08-15). 
  11. ^ Label of Strattera consisting of atomoxetine. Updated June 30, 2015. [2017-01-26]. (原始内容存档于2018-06-07). 
  12. ^ Simpson D, Plosker GL (2004). "Spotlight on atomoxetine in adults with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder". CNS Drugs 18 (6): 397–401. doi:10.2165/00023210-200418060-00011 PMID 15089111
  13. ^ 存档副本. [2012-05-15]. (原始内容存档于2012-05-18). 
  14. ^ 存档副本. [2012-05-15]. (原始内容存档于2021-03-09). 
  15. ^ Gadde KM, Yonish GM, Wagner HR, Foust MS, Allison DB (July 2006). "Atomoxetine for weight reduction in obese women: a preliminary randomised controlled trial". International Journal of Obesity 30 (7): 1138–42. doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0803223 PMID 16418753
  16. ^ Gadde KM, Yonish GM, Wagner HR, Foust MS, Allison DB (July 2006). "Atomoxetine for weight reduction in obese women: a preliminary randomised controlled trial". International Journal of Obesity 30 (7): 1138–42. doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0803223 PMID 16418753
  17. ^ Baselt, Randall C. (2008). Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man (8th ed.). Foster City, CA: Biomedical Publications. pp. 118–20. ISBN 0-931890-08-X

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PositroneFoto del primo positrone mai osservatoClassificazioneParticella elementare FamigliaFermioni GruppoAntileptoni GenerazionePrima InterazioniGravità, elettromagnetica, debole Simboloe+, β+ AntiparticellaElettrone (e−) TeorizzataPaul Dirac (1928) ScopertaCarl D. Anderson (1932) Proprietà fisicheMassa9,1093826(16)×10−31 kg 1/1/5,4858990945(24)×10−4 u 0,510998918(44) MeV/(c2)[1] Carica elettrica+1 e+1,602176634×10−19 C Carica di coloreNo S...

 

 

Anne Ramsey ai Premi Oscar 1988 Anne Ramsey, nata Anne Mobley (Omaha, 27 marzo 1929 – Los Angeles, 11 agosto 1988), è stata un'attrice statunitense. Indice 1 Biografia 2 Filmografia parziale 2.1 Cinema 2.2 Televisione 3 Doppiatori italiani 4 Riconoscimenti 5 Altri progetti 6 Collegamenti esterni Biografia Figlia di Nathan Mobley e di Eleanor Smith (morta nel 1964), la Ramsey iniziò la propria carriera a Hollywood negli anni settanta. Comparve insieme al marito, l'attore Logan Ramsey (da c...

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This article is about what mathematicians call intuitive or naive set theory. For a more detailed account, see Naive set theory. For a rigorous modern axiomatic treatment of sets, see Set theory. Collection of mathematical objects A set of polygons in an Euler diagram This set equals the one depicted above since both have the very same elements. In mathematics, a set is a collection of different[1] things;[2][3][4] these things are called elements or members of...