9K112「眼鏡蛇」(德語:9K112 Kobra,“Kobra”在土耳其語的意思是眼鏡蛇;俄語:9К112 «Кобра»)是一系列由前苏联設計局諾德爾曼精密工程設計局(英语:KB Tochmash)所研製和生產的瞄准线半自动指令无线电制導式反坦克导弹系統,9K112是俄罗斯国防部火箭炮兵装备总局(GRAU)的代號。其導彈本身被稱為9M112;而北約代號為AT-8「歌唱家」(英語:AT-8 Songster)。
它是由T-64和T-80系列坦克的2A46 125毫米主砲所發射的炮射導彈(英语:List of gun-launched missiles)。而基於它的相同概念的新型設計就是9M119反坦克導彈(北約代號:AT-11「狙擊手」)。
1956年,蘇聯開始研製第一代導彈坦克,當時由尼基塔·謝爾蓋耶維奇·赫魯曉夫向坦克工業人民委員維亞切斯拉夫·亞歷山德羅維奇·馬雷舍夫(V.A. Malyshev)下令向武器設計局灌輸“新思維”。這些“新思維”的一部分就是導彈坦克的研發,包括發射3M7龍式反坦克導彈的IT-1(150工程,Obiekt 150)和搭載9M15颱風反坦克導彈(英语:Taifun 9M15)的297工程(Obiekt 297)。然而,這些早期的導彈坦克設計都悉數失敗。裝備這類導彈的坦克無法打擊周邊300公尺(328.08碼,984.25英尺)而產生火力覆蓋盲區,早期導引技術的限制使得導彈坦克難以與近距目標交戰;而且早期型導彈的尺寸亦大大限制了其載彈量。倘若採用火炮/飛彈混合式設計亦會導致主砲與導彈攜彈量大減,得不償失。
這些限制引導出了更先進的混合系統研發,而導彈是由坦克主砲的炮管所發射的。這個概念的第一代產物是775工程坦克,配備125毫米线膛炮,既可以發射高爆非制導火箭彈,也可以發射無線電指令制導式砲彈。其制導型砲彈被稱為红宝石(Ruby,Rubin);而非制導火箭彈則是鑽頭(Drill,Bur)。該坦克可攜帶24枚红宝石導彈和48枚鑽頭式火箭。但該計劃仍然失敗了,因為红宝石的锥形装药彈頭不足以發揮效能,而且部份認為擔心導彈的指令鏈路可能會被卡住。
即使如此。蘇聯在1960年代期間仍然繼續研發搭載導彈,但直到1970年代才再次對這一概念給予了認真的關注。這可能是因為三個因素:
1970年代初,諾德爾曼精密工程設計局(英语:KB Tochmash)開始研發第二代蘇聯管射式制導砲彈。瞄准线半自动指令无线电制導的眼鏡蛇導彈系統與紅外線導引的「鈍頭蝮蛇」(Gyurza)系統作競標。「鈍頭蝮蛇」導彈因其紅外線制導系統實在棘手而失標,使得眼鏡蛇導彈獲得了9K112的GRAU編號並且投入生產。1976年,首次將9K112安裝在T-64B(447A工程)的新版本的自動裝彈機以內。1978年,其後問世的T-80B(219R工程)也配備了該反坦克導彈系統。而另一方面,「鈍頭蝮蛇」系統仍繼續研發,移除了紅外線制導系統,轉而採用無線電制導——然後將其發展成為9K114「風暴」(Shturm;北約代號:AT-6「螺旋」)。
9K112「眼鏡蛇」導彈是由兩部分所組成:
導彈的兩個獨立部分以與傳統125毫米(英语:125 mm smoothbore ammunition)口徑滑膛炮彈相同的方式存儲在坦克的自動裝彈機以內。當要將導彈吊起以後裝填火炮時,首尾兩半才組裝為一體。
9K112炮射導彈可以三種模式中的任何一種發射:
該導彈的初速為125米/秒(450公里/小時;279.617英里/小時),在峰值時增至最大800米/秒(2,880公里/小時;1,789.549英里/小時,马赫數2.35),但平均350至400米/秒(1,260—1,440公里/小時;782.93—894.77英里/小時,馬赫數1.03—1.18)。達到4,000公尺的飛行時間為9—10秒。導彈裝有一枚4.5千克的高爆反坦克彈頭,可以貫穿600毫米的軋壓均質裝甲。
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