2007年—2008年環球金融危機(英語:Financial crisis of 2007–2008),又稱2008年世界金融危機、次貸危機、信用危機、2008年華爾街金融危機、2008年金融崩潰,在2008年又出現了金融海嘯及華爾街海嘯等名稱,是一場在2007年8月9日開始浮現的金融危機。自次級房屋信貸危機爆發後,投資者開始對按揭證券的價值失去信心,引發流動性危機,當中經歷2008年環球股災。即使多國中央銀行多次向金融市場注入巨額資金,也無法阻止這場金融危機的爆發。直到2008年9月[1],這場金融危機開始失控,並導致多間相當大型的金融機構倒閉或被政府接管,引發經濟衰退。
在過於寬鬆的授信標準下的過度借貸為美國房貸泡沫的特徵之一。信用氾濫並導致大量的次級按揭(次級貸款),投資者認為這些高風險的貸款會被资产证券化而緩和。從1989年以來,美國發行MBS的主要機構房利美、房地美、吉利美(英语:Government National Mortgage Association)所發行的MBS殖利率平均高於美國十年期公債殖利率137個基本點,吸引許多法人投資。雷曼兄弟MBS指數顯示無論利率升降,自1996年以來該指數連續十年都是正報酬,最差的1999年也有2.1%的報酬率,同時期MSCI全球債券指數在1999年、2001年、2005年卻是負報酬率。這個策略似乎以骨牌效應擴展和散佈。
在愛爾蘭的銀行受到影響後,9月29日星期一愛爾蘭政府宣佈將為6家愛爾蘭銀行(愛爾蘭聯合銀行、愛爾蘭銀行、盎格魯-英愛爾蘭銀行(Anglo Irish Bank)、愛爾蘭人壽(Irish Life and Permanent)、愛爾蘭全國金融(Irish Nationwide)和 EBS金融(EBS Building Society))承擔一個兩年債務並擔保所有存款(零售、商業、機構及同業),包括債券等,涉及債項為4000億美元左右。[56]
在10月6日工作日開始前,法国巴黎银行繼荷蘭政府將富通金融集團(Fortis)於荷蘭的業務國有化後,接收其所餘下的資產。[68]在10月6日星期一,丹麥、奧地利、可能還有德國,以及愛爾蘭和希臘,替國內的銀行存款做擔保。[69][70]其後,代表英國重要上市公司的金融時報100指數錄得歷來最大的跌幅。[71]10月7號週二消費者貸款救援計畫排入英國國會議程。[72]在10月6日德國總理安格拉·多羅特亞·梅克爾宣布政府會對德國私有銀行的所有存款進行保障。政府又宣佈一個挽救德國借貸公司The Hypo Real Estate(HRE)的計劃。[73][74][75]在同一日美國紐約的道瓊工業指數重挫,在收盤時指數跌破了10,000點,即從2007年10月9日時的指數創下超過14,000點的高點時,所累積的跌幅為30%。[76]在巴西和俄羅斯的股票交易市場於當週一宣布休市,以防止之後可能發生的股價重挫情形。[77]
^Politi, James; Krishna Guha, Daniel Dombey and Harvey Morris. Central banks pump cash into system. The Financial Times. 2008-09-29 [2008-09-29]. (原始内容存档于2008-10-16).引文使用过时参数coauthors (帮助)
^Guha, Krishna; Harvey Morris and James Politi in Washington and Paul J Davies. Banking’s crisis of confidence deepens. The Financial Times. 2008-09-30 [2008-09-30]. (原始内容存档于2008-12-05).引文使用过时参数coauthors (帮助)
^Steen, Micheal; Joshua Chaffin and Peter Thal Larsen. BNP to take control of Fortis. The Financial Times. 2008-10-06 [2008-10-06]. (原始内容存档于2008-12-16).引文使用过时参数coauthors (帮助)
^Dougherty, Carter; Nelson Schwartz and Floyd Norris. Financial Crises Spread in Europe. The New York Times. 2008-10-05 [2008-10-06]. (原始内容存档于2020-11-09).引文使用过时参数coauthors (帮助)
^Benoit, Bertrand; James Wilson. Germany guarantees savings. The Financial Times. 2008-10-05 [2008-10-06]. (原始内容存档于2012-06-30).引文使用过时参数coauthors (帮助)
^Jolly, David; Bettina Wassener and Keith Bradsher. For Dow, Final Swing Was Down. The New York Times. 2008-10-08 [2008-10-08]. (原始内容存档于2020-11-30).引文使用过时参数coauthors (帮助)
Nocera, Joe; Andrew Ross Sorkin, Diana B. Henriques, Edmund L. Andrews. 36 Hours of Alarm and Action as Crisis Spiraled. New York Times. 2008-10-01 [2008-10-02].引文使用过时参数coauthors (帮助)(Background on development of the Treasury proposal to Congress)
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