鹿野苑

鹿野苑印地語सारनाथ,Sārnāth,梵語:सरङ्गनाद,saraṅga-nāthá,中文另名为仙人论处、仙人住处、仙人堕(降临)处、仙人鹿园等),位于印度北方邦瓦拉納西以北约10公里处,舊稱迦尸國,近世稱為貝那拉斯(Benares),即今之瓦拉那西(Varanasi)。在这里释迦牟尼第一次教授佛法,佛教的僧伽也在此成立。鹿野苑是佛教古印度的四大圣地之一。[1]

地名由来

按照詞源不同,鹿野苑的名稱可以分為三种:

  • 印地語सारनाथ,Sārnāth,源自梵語:सरङ्गनाद,saraṅga-nāthá,意为鹿王;
  • 梵語:मृगदाव,mṛgá-dāva,巴利語:miga-dāya,意为鹿园;
  • 梵語:ऋषिपतन,ṛṣi-patana,巴利語:isi-patana(常见于巴利藏),意为圣者降临之地。

在一个佛教典故中,菩萨化现为鹿王,为了保护鹿群,将自己献给了国王,而国王也因此感动,而建立了公园,以保护鹿群。该公园目前仍存在。

历史

释迦牟尼在菩提伽耶觉悟成佛后,来到鹿野苑,找到了原来的五位侍者,为其讲演四圣谛,他们五位因此有所证悟,随即出家为五比丘[2],是为佛教僧宝成就,佛、法、僧三寶至此圓滿集結成就。[3]在接下来的雨季中,佛陀就在鹿野苑的牟拉甘陀库底精舍(mulagandhakuti vihara),僧团逐渐扩大到60人左右,后来佛陀派遣他们到各地弘法。

五比丘礼敬表征佛法的法轮


在当地国王与富商的支持下,佛教在鹿野苑附近传播开来。到公元3世纪时,鹿野苑已经成为重要的艺术中心,在笈多王朝时期(公元4世纪到6世纪),更是达到了顶峰。唐朝高僧玄奘于公元7世纪来到这里,见证了鹿野苑当时的盛况。

鹿野苑后来成为佛教正量部的一个中心,但在鹿野苑也发现了赫魯嘎(Heruka)与度母(Tara)的古迹,这说明佛教的金刚乘在此地也有过传播。(來源請求?)

12世纪后期,鹿野苑遭突厥穆斯林的劫掠,建筑等被严重破坏。

景观

大唐大慈恩寺三藏法师传,对鹿野苑有这样的记载:

答枚克佛塔
至鹿野伽蓝。台观连云长廊四合。僧徒一千五百人。学小乘正量部。大院内有精舍。高百余尺。石阶砖龛层级百数。皆隐起黄金佛像。室中有鋀石佛像。量等如来身作转法轮状。精舍东南有石窣堵波。无忧王所建。高百余尺。前有石柱。高七十余尺。是佛初转法轮处。


鹿野苑的所有建筑被突厥人破坏殆尽,但答枚克佛塔Dhamekh Stupa[4]却在废墟中保存了下来,塔高达39米,直径达28余米[5],属留存极少的阿育王时期建筑。牟拉甘陀库底精舍的废墟中标有佛陀在头一个雨季中的驻锡地,在这东面,就是1931年新建的根本香室精舍(Mulagandhakuti Vihara),那里有精美的壁画,介绍佛陀的生平,再后则是鹿园,仍有鹿群在那里生活。

诏堪袛塔

阿育王石柱以前虽然被破坏过,但底部仍然在原址。原来的柱高达10多米,头部雕有四面狮像,该狮像现被作为印度国徽的图案。这段石柱的主要部分(2米多)目前保存在“鹿野苑考古博物馆”中,该馆建于1910年,另藏有一些有印度佛教艺术的珍宝,其中包括300多副图画。

诏堪袛塔(Chaukhandi Stupa,也称为五比丘迎佛塔,建于笈多王朝,原为覆缽型型,顶端的八角亭是莫卧尔帝国时(16世纪)所建。

鹿野苑也有一棵很大的菩提树,是出家人法護英语Anagarika Dharmapala(Anagarika Dharmapala)从菩提伽耶的大菩提树上折枝移植而来。

除了根本香室精舍,鹿野苑目前的佛寺还有:

  • 缅甸法轮寺,可追溯到1908年,是鹿野苑最早的外国佛寺,负责一部分旅游接待工作;
  • 西藏高等研修中央学院,在印度前总理尼赫鲁达赖剌嘛的倡议下于1967年兴建,由印度教育部文化局资助,是一所佛学院;
  • 还有中华佛寺,以及泰国、日本的佛寺等。

注释

  1. ^ 佛教在古印度的四大圣地:兰毗尼园(释迦牟尼诞生)、菩提伽耶(成道)、鹿野苑(初次说法)、拘尸那迦(入灭)。
  2. ^ 五比丘分别为:憍陈如额鞞跋提十力迦叶摩诃俱男
  3. 更多内容,可参看方广大庄严经·第十一中的记载。
  4. ^ Dhamekh Stupa,有译作答枚克佛塔、达曼克塔、昙麦克塔、达美克塔、昙曼克塔等。
  5. ^ 此处是根据对应英文维基中“128 feet high and 93 feet in diameter”换算而来,也有资料说塔高为33米,另有记载页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)说塔高约44米。
  6. ^ 根据对应英文维基“45 foot drop to the ground”换算而来。

外部链接

25°22′52″N 83°01′17″E / 25.38111°N 83.02139°E / 25.38111; 83.02139

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