^Rivera R, Yacobson I, Grimes D. The mechanism of action of hormonal contraceptives and intrauterine contraceptive devices. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1999, 181 (5 Pt 1): 1263–9. PMID 10561657. doi:10.1016/S0002-9378(99)70120-1. The hormonal methods, particularly the low-dose progestin-only products and emergency contraceptive pills, have effects on the endometrium that, theoretically, could affect implantation. However, no scientific evidence indicates that prevention of implantation actually results from the use of these methods.
^ 9.09.19.2Phelps, Rachel. Choosing a Birth Control Method. Association of Reproductive Health Professionals. Bayer Healthcare Pharmaceuticals, Conceptus, Inc., and Teva Pharmaceuticals. 2014-06-01 [2016-09-16]. (原始内容存档于2018-01-02).
^ 10.010.1Dahiya, P. Efficacy of combined hormonal vaginal ring in comparison to combined hormonal pills in heavy menstrual bleeding. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2016-05-20, 203: 147–51. PMID 27285306. doi:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2016.05.009 –通过PubMed.