肉鳍鱼

肉鳍鱼总纲
化石时期:423–0 Ma
志留纪晚期 → 现代
腔棘魚
科学分类 编辑
界: 动物界 Animalia
门: 脊索动物门 Chordata
演化支 嗅球類 Olfactores
亚门: 脊椎动物亚门 Vertebrata
下门: 有颌下门 Gnathostomata
演化支 真有颌类 Eugnathostomata
高纲: 硬骨鱼高纲 Osteichthyes
总纲: 肉鳍鱼总纲 Sarcopterygii
Romer, 1955
下級分類
異名
  • 總鰭魚類 Crossopterygii

肉鳍鱼总纲学名Sarcopterygii英語lobe-finned fish)是硬骨鱼类的一个演化支,与辐鳍鱼互为姐妹群。肉鳍鱼的特点是的主体是一个内有多关节内骨骼附肢骨骼)和骨骼肌附肢(而不像辐鳍鱼那样是仅有皮肤覆盖棘骨折扇形鳍),在胸鳍腹鰭的基部有胛骨和强劲的肌肉与肋骨相连,和之後四足動物四肢同源。此总綱之下包括腔棘魚綱肺鱼四足纲[1][2],而所有陆地脊椎动物都演化肺鱼四足纲中的四足形类

演化

肉鳍鱼最早出现在距今4.23亿年前的志留纪晚期,在石炭纪二叠纪时期兴盛并成为淡水生态系统顶级物种,但在二叠纪末大灭绝中受到重创,大部分于距今6500万年前的晚白垩纪绝种。其中的腔棘魚曾被认为完全灭绝,直到1938年才在非洲东南的印度洋深海捕捉到现生的活体,之後並在印度等地區多次被發現而證實仍然存活於深海中,目前仅存一目二种,即矛尾鱼,被認為是鱼类中的活化石

目前已知體型最大的肉鰭魚為石炭紀時期蘇格蘭希氏根齒魚,體長可超過7米(23英尺)。現存體型最大的腔棘魚為西印度洋矛尾魚,體長可達2米(6英尺7英寸),體重可達110公斤(240英磅);體型最大的肺魚非洲肺魚科,體長同樣可達2米(6英尺7英寸),重量可以達到50公斤(110英磅)[3][4]

分子遺傳學表明,包括人类在内的陆生脊椎动物四足动物)都屬於這一演化支,依據化石研究推測,有可能是在大约 3.6 亿年前从肉鳍鱼类中的類似蝶柱鱼的祖先演化而来[5][6]。四足类祖先的因直接从空气进行气体交换的能力变强逐渐演化成了,因此更适应泥盆纪晚期遍布湿地河岸带生态位,其两对硬骨化的偶鳍也逐渐演化成了更强健的四肢。而志留纪—泥盆纪陆地革命后空气含氧量持续提升,加上之后泥盆纪末大灭绝中普遍水体缺氧造成的筛选压力更有利那些能直接呼吸空气的族群,使得幸存的四足形类坚头类)最终演化成出原始的两栖动物。而由于两栖动物中离片椎类的强势,使得其它被边缘化的两栖动物不得不去适应更远离水体的生态位,其中一支——爬行形类最终演化出了可以完全脱离水体进行繁殖的羊膜动物。这些羊膜动物很快分化出合弓类蜥形类两大演化支,并在石炭纪雨林崩溃事件后的二叠纪成为优势的陆生动物,其中一些还在三叠纪先后返回水域生态系统成为海洋爬行动物

分類

腔棘魚綱

西印度洋矛尾鱼

腔棘魚綱分为腔棘目爪齒魚目。其中爪齒魚目生活在四亿年前左右,已灭绝。现仅存腔棘目矛尾鱼,被称为“活化石”。

肺鱼四足纲

肺鱼四足纲(Dipnotetrapodomorpha)除了包含現存的肺魚綱四足形上綱,也包含史前的爪齒魚類,而扇鳍纲則是個只包含前兩者的泛群、但不包含爪齒魚類。肺鱼四足大纲與扇鳍類的關係取決于爪齒魚類的地位,如果爪齒魚類較接近肺魚四足類而不是棘腔魚綱,則扇鳍類為肺魚四足類的下級分支;如果爪齒魚類不屬於這里,則肺鱼四足大纲可能成為扇鳍纲的異名

名称 类别 图片
西印度洋矛尾魚 腔棘魚綱
昆士蘭肺魚 肺魚亞綱
提塔利克鱼 四足形類

种系发生学

依照 2017 年《硬骨鱼支序分类法英语Phylogenetic classification of bony fishes》,本总纲与其它現生硬骨鱼的演化关系如下[1][7]

有颌下门
硬骨鱼高纲
辐鳍鱼总纲

 腕鳍鱼纲 Cladistia

輻鰭魚綱

 软质亚纲 Chondrostei

新鰭亞綱
 全骨下纲 Holostei
 真骨下纲 Teleostei
 Neopterygii 
 Actinopteri 
 Actinopterygii 
肉鳍鱼总纲

 腔棘魚綱 Coelacanthimorpha

肺魚四足綱

 肺鱼亚纲 Dipnomorpha

 四足形亚纲 Tetrapodomorpha

 Dipnotetrapodomorpha 
 Sarcopterygii 
 Osteichthyes 
 軟骨魚綱 Chondrichthyes
外类群
 Gnathostomata


参考文献

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 Betancur-R, Ricardo; Wiley, Edward O.; Arratia, Gloria; Acero, Arturo; Bailly, Nicolas; Miya, Masaki; Lecointre, Guillaume; Ortí, Guillermo. Phylogenetic classification of bony fishes. BMC Evolutionary Biology. 2017-07-06, 17: 162 [2019-01-13]. ISSN 1471-2148. doi:10.1186/s12862-017-0958-3. (原始内容存档于2019-03-22). 
  2. ^ Betancur-R, R., E. Wiley, N. Bailly, M. Miya, G. Lecointre, and G. Ortí. 2014. Phylogenetic Classification of Bony Fishes --Version 3 (存档副本. [2015-08-09]. (原始内容存档于2015-08-14). ).
  3. ^ Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) (2009). Lepidosirenidae. FishBase. Version 2009-01.
  4. ^ Protopterus aethiopicus 互联网档案馆存檔,存档日期2011-08-03.. Fishing-worldrecords.com
  5. ^ 人类祖先可能是一种4亿年前的原始肉鳍鱼 互联网档案馆存檔,存档日期2013-08-31.
  6. ^ 发现无孔鱼、弥曼鱼和蝶柱鱼. [2017-02-02]. (原始内容存档于2019-08-07). 
  7. ^ Betancur-R., R., R.E. Broughton, E.O. Wiley, K. Carpenter, J.A. Lopez, C. Li, N.I. Holcroft, D. Arcila, M. Sanciangco, J. Cureton, F. Zhang, T. Buser, M. Campbell, T. Rowley, J.A. Ballesteros, G. Lu, T. Grande, G. Arratia & G. Ortí. 2013. The tree of life and a new classification of bony fishes. PLoS Currents Tree of Life页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). 2013 Apr 18.

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