羽衣甘藍

羽衣甘藍
科学分类 编辑
界： 植物界 Plantae
演化支： 维管植物 Tracheophyta
演化支： 被子植物 Angiosperms
演化支： 真双子叶植物 Eudicots
演化支： 蔷薇类植物 Rosids
目： 十字花目 Brassicales
科： 十字花科 Brassicaceae
属： 芸薹属 Brassica
种：
甘藍 B. oleracea
变种：
羽衣甘藍 B. o. var. sabellica
三名法
Brassica oleracea var. sabellica
L., 1753
異名
  • Brassica oleracea var. acephala auct. (non DC.)[1]
  • Brassica oleracea var. selenisia L.[1]
  • Brassica oleracea var. acephala f. tricolor Hort.[2]

羽衣甘藍（英語：kale, borecole 學名：Brassica oleracea var. sabellica L.），又名無頭甘藍、海甘藍，是一種蔬菜，也可植入花壇裝飾。在西歐是一种冬季常见大众蔬菜，在德國俗称“绿菜”（德语：Grünkohl），通常是腌制成酸菜，用来炖肉，或者配烤香肠。有些品种具彩叶，这种彩叶甘蓝又称葉牡丹、牡丹菜。

原産於地中海至小亞細亞一帶，栽培歷史悠久，早在西元前200年古希臘就廣爲栽培，如今在英國、荷蘭、德國、美國種植較多，且品種各異，有菜用羽衣甘藍，亦有觀賞用羽衣甘藍（彩葉甘藍）。

形態特徵

不同葉形的羽衣甘藍

羽衣甘藍是一、二年生草本植物，爲直根系，根系较浅。株高低於20厘米，連花梗長約120厘米，無分枝，葉寬大，廣倒卵形，集生莖基部，葉邊緣有波狀皺，葉柄有翼。總狀花序，十字形花冠，花小，淡黃色。花期4月。長角果細圓柱形，果熟期5-6月。

习性

習性喜光、不耐荫蔽，耐寒，不耐干旱，亦忌水湿。在全日照条件下，植株生长茂盛，株形紧凑，叶片亮丽，否则植株叶片松散、色泽暗淡。要求土壤中性或微酸性，以疏鬆、肥沃的沙壤土为好。[3]

繁殖及栽培

播種繁殖，7月中旬將種子播於露地苗床，浇足水，在有光条件下，约经一周可發芽，出苗整齊。這期間正值夏季高溫，須注意遮陰，防暑。当幼苗长出4-5片真叶时移植一次。此时须经过0°C左右低温冻苗处理，否则会出现抽薹现象。冬季需置於冷床或冷室內栽培，春天斷霜後露地栽培。栽培期間1-2天浇水一次，保持盆土湿润，不可浇水过多，通风要良好，光照要充足。每月施1-2次富含磷、钾元素的复合肥料，少施氮肥，以免叶片生长过快，颜色变淡。需鬆土。[4]

園林應用

觀賞用羽衣甘藍（彩葉甘藍）葉色華美，遇冷更豔，是不可多得的冬季早春花壇重要的觀葉植物，可佈置於花壇、岩石園，或作盆栽觀賞。

  • Nagoya White F1觀賞品種
    Nagoya White F1觀賞品種
  • 上海的花園種植白色與紫色觀葉用羽衣甘藍
    上海的花園種植白色與紫色觀葉用羽衣甘藍
  • 花卉市場上的葉牡丹（羽衣甘藍）和木茼蒿
    花卉市場上的葉牡丹（羽衣甘藍）和木茼蒿

食用

羽衣甘蓝富含β-胡萝卜素、维生素C、E、K等多种维生素和钙、铁、钾等矿物质，可以调节人体新陈代谢，多食有助于补钙，还被视为预防儿童夜盲症的首选蔬菜。同时因为它低热量、高纤维、零脂肪，被运动达人作为健身必备食材。[5]

羽衣甘蓝可以同奶酪、水煮蛋、橙汁、黄瓜等一起拌成沙拉[6]，也烤成脆片作为零食，口感和海苔很像。[7]

  • 食用羽衣甘藍
    食用羽衣甘藍
  • 配煎土豆、燻肉（Kasseler、Speck）
    配煎土豆、燻肉（Kasseler、Speck）
  • 配腊肠（Pinkel）
    配腊肠（Pinkel）
  • 配蘑菇、面包
    配蘑菇、面包
维基共享资源上的相关多媒体资源：羽衣甘藍

参考文献

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 GRIN, Brassica oleracea var. sabellica L. (B. oleracea Acephala Group) 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2015-09-24.
  2. ^ eFloras, Chinese Plant Names: Brassica oleracea var. acephala Linn. f. tricolor Hort. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
  3. ^ 家庭生活百科編委會 (编). 實用養花1000問. 吉林科學技術出版社. 2009: 61. ISBN 9787538437850. 
  4. ^ 王榮泰; 陳金偉. 休閒拾趣. 新華出版社. 2015: 5. ISBN 9787516618615. 
  5. ^ 萨巴蒂娜. 极简轻食. 青岛出版社. 2019. ISBN 9787555284888. 
  6. ^ 萨巴蒂娜. 沙拉吃不够. 青岛出版社. 2019. ISBN 9787555284871. 
  7. ^ 邱子峰 (编). 星教练的轻食主义. 北京: 人民邮电出版社. ISBN 9787115522245. 

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