白利糖度

糖度計

糖度代表在20°C情況下，每100克水溶液中溶解的蔗糖克數，即蔗糖的质量分数。在现实使用中，糖度一般通过测量比重查表得出。基于使用的比重表格不同，有Balling糖度、白利糖度（Degrees Brix，°Bx）、Plato糖度（°P）三种。除此之外，国际统一食糖分析方法委员会（英语：International Commission for Uniform Methods of Sugar Analysis）（ICUMSA）也维护一个由现代方法得出的糖度—密度表。

现代糖度也可以用手持折射计测量折射率来计算，一般使用ICUMSA提供的公式。这样的好处是速度快，无须过滤等操作。[1]需要注意的是由于公式是为纯蔗糖设计，通过比重和折射率测量天然混合物的结果会有不同，因此需要另外定义浓度的参考值。ICUMSA将折射得到的糖度称为“折射干物质量”（Refractometric Dry Substance, RDS），[2]但酿酒师习惯上还是将其称为熟悉的“白利糖度”，甚至不准确地转化为波美度（英语：Baumé scale）等数值。

背景

糖度最早由波希米亞化學家Karl Balling所提出。Brix刻度則是在Balling的基礎上計算而來，由Adolf Brix所提出。Plato刻度也是Balling scale的改進，由德國人Fritz Plato所提出。其中Balling計算比重至小數點後3位、Brix到第5位，Plato則到第6位。

農夫可以藉由測量果汁的比重，對照計算好的表格，得到°Bx。需要注意的是，果汁或黑麥汁都不是溶有純蔗糖的純水溶液，許多溶於水的化合物都不是蔗糖。不過這些物質不是和蔗糖物理性質類似（如葡萄糖、果糖），就是所占比例很小（如礦物質、單寧酸等）。因此°Bx雖然不能準確代表果汁或黑麥汁的糖度，不過還是能用來提供相對糖度的比較。

糖份在發酵過程中會被釀酒酵母消耗並轉換成酒精，因此釀酒業者也能藉由測量發酵容器中的果汁或黑麥汁糖度多寡來觀測酒類發酵的程度。酒精比重比水低，因此借比重显示的測值会虚低；但是酒精折射率又比水高，所以借折射率显示的糖度又会虚高。

用法

由國家標準局（NBS）的表格[3]可以拟合出以下公式：

S = specific gravity = 比重（20 °C）
  • Brix（°Bx）常用於水果糖分測試，也用于北美的酿造产业。
  • Plato（°P）常用於黑麥汁糖分測試。
  • Balling大多見於早期文獻。

三種比重算法的差異很小，可以互相替換。

數據

糖度 低 一般 高 極高
水果
草莓 8 12 16 18
蘋果 6 10 14 18
藍莓 4 8 16 22
蜜瓜 8 10 14 16
西瓜 8 12 16 18
葡萄 8 12 18 22
覆盆子 6 8 12 14
櫻桃 6 8 14 16
西洋梨 6 10 14 16
柳橙 6 10 16 20
蔬菜
馬鈴薯 3 5 7 10
苦苣 4 6 10 12
蘆筍 4 6 8 10
菜豆 4 8 10 12
西蘭花 6 8 10 12
豌豆 4 6 10 12
花椰菜 4 6 8 10
甜菜 6 8 12 14
玉米 6 10 18 24
香芹 4 6 8 10
芹菜 4 6 10 12
萵苣 4 6 8 10
番茄 4 6 10 14
洋蔥 4 6 10 12
胡蘿蔔 4 8 14 18

參考

  1. ^ reserved, Mettler-Toledo International Inc all rights. Beer Analysis with Density and Refractive Index需要免费注册. www.mt.com （英语）. 
  2. ^ "ICUMSA Methods Book, op. cit. Method GS4/3/8-13 (2009) "The Determination of Refractometric Dry Substance (RDS %) of Molasses – Accepted and Very Pure Syrups (Liquid Sugars), Thick Juice and Run-off Syrups – Official"
  3. ^ "Circular of the National Bureau of Standards C440 Polarimetry, Saccharimetry and the Sugars Table 114

外部連結

Read other articles:

Carl Ludwig Blume

Carl L. Blume (1847). Karl Ludwig, Ritter von Blume (29 Juni 1789 – 3 Februari 1862) adalah botaniwan Jerman-Belanda. Kadang-kadang namanya ditulis dengan versi Belanda Karel Lodewijk Blume. Kata Ritter adalah gelar kebangsawanan yang dapat disamakan dengan Knight dalam tradisi Anglo-Sakson. Walaupun berkebangsaan Jerman, hampir seluruh karier ilmiahnya dikerjakan di Belanda dan Hindia Belanda (sekarang Indonesia). Puncak kariernya adalah ketika ia menjadi direktur Rijksherbar...

 

Irgun

Un logo de l’Irgoun : un fusil brandi devant une carte des territoires revendiqués par l’organisation : les actuels Israël, territoires palestiniens, ainsi que la Jordanie. Irgun (Ibrani: ארגוןcode: he is deprecated , « organisation »), nama lengkapnya adalah Irgoun Zvaï (ou Tzvaï) Leoumi (Ibrani: ארגון צבאי לאומיcode: he is deprecated , « Organisation militaire nationale »), yang kemudian lebih sering disingkat sebagai I.Z.L., yang...

 

Al Shean

Al SheanShean dalam The Blue Bird (film 1940)LahirAbraham Elieser Adolph Schönberg(1868-05-12)12 Mei 1868Dornum, Provinsi Hanover, Kerajaan Prusia,Konfederasi Jerman UtaraMeninggal12 Agustus 1949(1949-08-12) (umur 81)Manhattan, New York City, Amerika SerikatNama lainAdolf SchönbergAlfred SchönbergAlbert SchönbergPekerjaanPelawak, vaudevillianTahun aktif1912–1944Suami/istriJohanna DavidsonAnak1 Abraham Elieser Adolph Schönberg[1][2][3][4]&...

Anak Domba Allah

Artikel ini mengenai Allah dalam istilah Kekristenan di Indonesia dan bukan mengenai Allah, Tuhan dalam Islam. Untuk pemahaman lebih lanjut, lihat artikel Penggunaan Allah bagi umat Kristen Indonesia. Halaman ini berisi artikel tentang istilah dalam teologi Kristen. Untuk nyanyian atau pendarasan dalam liturgi, lihat Agnus Dei. Seekor domba yang memegang sebuah panji Kristen merupakan simbol khas Agnus Dei. Anak Domba Allah (bahasa Yunani: Ἀμνὸς τοῦ Θεοῦ, Amnos tou Theou; ...

 

Observatorium Kerajaan

Observatorium KerajaanNama alternatifRoyal Greenwich Observatory Kode observatorium 000 LokasiGreenwich, Royal Borough of Greenwich, Greenwich, Britania Raya Koordinat51°28′40″N 0°00′05″W / 51.47783°N 0.00139°W / 51.47783; -0.00139Koordinat: 51°28′40″N 0°00′05″W / 51.47783°N 0.00139°W / 51.47783; -0.00139Ketinggian68 m (223 ft) Didirikan1675 Situs webhttps://www.rmg.co.uk/royal-observatory/&#...

 

Le Rêve (Picasso)

1932 oil painting by Pablo Picasso Le RêveEnglish: The DreamArtistPablo PicassoYear1932MediumOil on canvasMovementCubismDimensions130 cm × 97 cm (51 in × 38 in)LocationPrivate collection of Steven A. Cohen Le Rêve (English: The Dream) is a 1932 oil on canvas painting (130 × 97 cm) by Pablo Picasso, then 50 years old, portraying his 22-year-old mistress Marie-Thérèse Walter. It is said to have been painted in one afternoon, on 24 January 19...

Any Gun Can Play

1967 film by Enzo G. Castellari Any Gun Can PlayDirected byEnzo G. CastellariScreenplay by Tito Carpi Giovanni Simonelli Enzo G. Castellari[1] Story by Romolo Girolami Sauro Scavolini[1] Starring George Hilton Gilbert Roland Edd Byrnes CinematographyGiovanni Bergamini[1]Edited byTatiana Casini[1]Music byFrancesco De Masi[1]ProductioncompanyFida Cinematografica di Amati Edmondo[1]Distributed byFida Cinematografica[1]Release date 1967 ...

 

Government Building and President's Office

Government Building and President's OfficeVladna in predsedniška palačaAlternative namesGovernment Building, President's OfficeGeneral informationLocationCenter District, Ljubljana[1]AddressPrešeren Street 8Erjavec Street 17Gregorčič Street 20CountrySloveniaCurrent tenantsPresident of SloveniaPrime Minister of SloveniaProtocol of SloveniaSecretary-General of the Government of SloveniaConstruction started1886Completed1899Renovated1985, 2007[2] The Government Building and P...

 

List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Marshall Court

Supreme Court of the United StatesMarshall CourtEllsworth Court ← → Taney CourtFebruary 4, 1801 – July 6, 1835(34 years, 152 days)SeatOld Supreme Court ChamberWashington, D.C.No. of positions6 (1801-1807)7 (1807-1835)Marshall Court decisions This is a partial chronological list of cases decided by the United States Supreme Court during the Marshall Court, the tenure of Chief Justice John Marshall from February 4, 1801 through July 6, 1835. Case name Citation Summary...

Émile Chartier

Émile ChartierAlain, 1931Lahir3 Maret 1868Mortagne-au-Perche, Orne, PrancisMeninggal2 Juni 1951Le Vésinet, PrancisNama lainAlainPendidikanÉcole Normale Supérieure (B.A., 1892)EraFilsafat abad ke-20KawasanFilsafat BaratAliranFilsafat kontinentalPembimbing akademikJules Lagneau [fr][1]Minat utamaFilsafat politik Memengaruhi Raymond Aron, Simone Weil, Georges Canguilhem, André Maurois, Jean Mistler, Alain de Botton Émile-Auguste Chartier (bahasa Prancis...

 

Daftar Wakil Wali Kota Gunungsitoli

Wakil Wali Kota GunungsitoliPetahanaLowongsejak 9 Januari 2024Masa jabatan5 tahun dan dapat dipilih kembali untuk satu kali masa jabatanPejabat perdanaAroni ZendratöDibentuk13 April 2011; 13 tahun lalu (2011-04-13)Situs webSitus web resmi Wali Kota dalam tugas pemerintahannya dibantu oleh wakil kepala daerah dengan posisi kedua sebagai pendamping Wali Kota yang umumnya disebut Wakil Wali Kota. Wakil Wali Kota Gunungsitoli merupakan seorang politisi yang terpilih secara demokratis m...

 

United Nations Security Council Resolution 1418

United Nations resolution adopted in 2002 UN Security CouncilResolution 1418SFOR headquarters (1997)Date21 June 2002Meeting no.4,558CodeS/RES/1418 (Document)SubjectThe situation in Bosnia and HerzegovinaVoting summary15 voted forNone voted againstNone abstainedResultAdoptedSecurity Council compositionPermanent members China France Russia United Kingdom United StatesNon-permanent members Bulgaria Cameroon Colombia Guinea Ireland Maur...

Sinochem

Chinese chemical and fertilizer conglomerate Not to be confused with ChemChina or Chinachem. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Sinochem – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Sinochem GroupHeadquarters in BeijingCompany typeStat...

 

Antonio Fogazzaro

Italian novelist (1842–1911) You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Italian. (July 2018) Click [show] for important translation instructions. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text t...

 

Sociedade Esportiva Ypiranga Futebol Clube

 Nota: Este artigo é sobre o clube de Pernambuco. Para outros significados, veja Ypiranga. Ypiranga Nome Sociedade Esportiva Ypiranga Futebol Clube Alcunhas AzulinoMáquina do InteriorAlvizulino da Capital da SulancaNegrinhos do Alto Torcedor(a)/Adepto(a) Alviazulino Mascote Máquina de costura Principal rival Central Sport Club Fundação 3 de julho de 1938 (86 anos) Estádio Limeirão Capacidade 5 039 lugares[1] Localização Sta. do Cruz do Capibaribe, Brasil Presidente ...

Ruby (programming language)

General-purpose programming language Not to be confused with Ruby on Rails. This article's lead section may be too technical for most readers to understand. Please help improve it to make it understandable to non-experts, without removing the technical details. (June 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) RubyParadigmMulti-paradigm: functional, imperative, object-oriented, reflectiveDesigned byYukihiro MatsumotoDeveloperYukihiro Matsumoto, et al.First appeared1995;...

 

History of modern Egypt

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: History of modern Egypt – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2007) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Part of a series on the History of Egypt Prehistoric Egypt Predynastic Period6000–3000 BC Ancient Egypt Early Dynastic Period315...

 

William Law

Church of England priest (1686–1761) This article is about the British theological writer. For other people, see William Law (disambiguation). William LawLine engraving c. 1827Born1686King's Cliffe, Northamptonshire, EnglandDied9 April 1761 (aged 74–75)King's Cliffe, Northamptonshire, EnglandVenerated inAnglican CommunionFeast10 AprilWilliam Law (1686 – 9 April 1761) was a Church of England priest who lost his position at Emmanuel College, Cambridge, when his conscienc...

Tiergarten (park)

Berlin's most popular inner-city park For other uses, see Tiergarten (disambiguation). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Tiergarten park – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) TiergartenGroßer TiergartenGroßer Tiergarten in...

 

標津郡

令制国一覧 > 北海道 (令制) > 根室国 > 標津郡 日本 > 北海道 > 根室振興局 > 標津郡 北海道標津郡の位置（1.中標津町 2.標津町 薄緑：後に他郡から編入された区域 薄黄：後に他郡に編入した区域）[1] 標津郡（しべつぐん）は、北海道（根室国）根室振興局の郡。 人口27,136人、面積1,309.56km²、人口密度20.7人/km²。（2024年8月31...