白利糖度

糖度計

糖度代表在20°C情況下,每100克水溶液中溶解的蔗糖克數,即蔗糖的质量分数。在现实使用中,糖度一般通过测量比重查表得出。基于使用的比重表格不同,有Balling糖度白利糖度Degrees Brix°Bx)、Plato糖度°P)三种。除此之外,国际统一食糖分析方法委员会英语International Commission for Uniform Methods of Sugar Analysis(ICUMSA)也维护一个由现代方法得出的糖度—密度表。

现代糖度也可以用手持折射计测量折射率来计算,一般使用ICUMSA提供的公式。这样的好处是速度快,无须过滤等操作。[1]需要注意的是由于公式是为纯蔗糖设计,通过比重和折射率测量天然混合物的结果会有不同,因此需要另外定义浓度的参考值。ICUMSA将折射得到的糖度称为“折射干物质量”(Refractometric Dry Substance, RDS),[2]但酿酒师习惯上还是将其称为熟悉的“白利糖度”,甚至不准确地转化为波美度英语Baumé scale等数值。

背景

糖度最早由波希米亞化學家Karl Balling所提出。Brix刻度則是在Balling的基礎上計算而來,由Adolf Brix所提出。Plato刻度也是Balling scale的改進,由德國人Fritz Plato所提出。其中Balling計算比重至小數點後3位、Brix到第5位,Plato則到第6位。

農夫可以藉由測量果汁的比重,對照計算好的表格,得到°Bx。需要注意的是,果汁或黑麥汁都不是溶有純蔗糖的純水溶液,許多溶於水的化合物都不是蔗糖。不過這些物質不是和蔗糖物理性質類似(如葡萄糖果糖),就是所占比例很小(如礦物質、單寧酸等)。因此°Bx雖然不能準確代表果汁或黑麥汁的糖度,不過還是能用來提供相對糖度的比較。

糖份在發酵過程中會被釀酒酵母消耗並轉換成酒精,因此釀酒業者也能藉由測量發酵容器中的果汁或黑麥汁糖度多寡來觀測酒類發酵的程度。酒精比重比水低,因此借比重显示的測值会虚低;但是酒精折射率又比水高,所以借折射率显示的糖度又会虚高。

用法

國家標準局(NBS)的表格[3]可以拟合出以下公式:

S = specific gravity = 比重(20 °C)
  • Brix(°Bx)常用於水果糖分測試,也用于北美的酿造产业。
  • Plato(°P)常用於黑麥汁糖分測試。
  • Balling大多見於早期文獻。

三種比重算法的差異很小,可以互相替換。

數據

糖度 一般 極高
水果
草莓 8 12 16 18
蘋果 6 10 14 18
藍莓 4 8 16 22
蜜瓜 8 10 14 16
西瓜 8 12 16 18
葡萄 8 12 18 22
覆盆子 6 8 12 14
櫻桃 6 8 14 16
西洋梨 6 10 14 16
柳橙 6 10 16 20
蔬菜
馬鈴薯 3 5 7 10
苦苣 4 6 10 12
蘆筍 4 6 8 10
菜豆 4 8 10 12
西蘭花 6 8 10 12
豌豆 4 6 10 12
花椰菜 4 6 8 10
甜菜 6 8 12 14
玉米 6 10 18 24
香芹 4 6 8 10
芹菜 4 6 10 12
萵苣 4 6 8 10
番茄 4 6 10 14
洋蔥 4 6 10 12
胡蘿蔔 4 8 14 18

參考

  1. ^ reserved, Mettler-Toledo International Inc all rights. Beer Analysis with Density and Refractive Index需要免费注册. www.mt.com (英语). 
  2. ^ "ICUMSA Methods Book, op. cit. Method GS4/3/8-13 (2009) "The Determination of Refractometric Dry Substance (RDS %) of Molasses – Accepted and Very Pure Syrups (Liquid Sugars), Thick Juice and Run-off Syrups – Official"
  3. ^ "Circular of the National Bureau of Standards C440 Polarimetry, Saccharimetry and the Sugars Table 114

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