1949年,在傑克遜實驗室,被拿來做研究的非肥胖小鼠群體意外地產生了肥胖的後代,顯示出調節飢餓和能量耗損的激素產生了突變。而具有同型合子突變(又稱ob突變(ob/ob))的小鼠,比起正常的小鼠,會大量的進食,並且極度肥胖。[85]到了1960年代,同樣在傑克遜實驗室,Douglas Coleman發現了導致肥胖和擁有類似ob突變表現型的第二個突變,並將其命名為糖尿病(db),因此,不論是ob/ob還是db/db,均會呈現肥胖的表現型。[86][87][88]而在1990年,Rudolph Leibel和Jeffrey M. Friedman發現了db基因的定位。[89][90][91]
1994年,Friedman的實驗室發表了該基因的鑑定報告。[88]1995年,Jose F. Caro的實驗室提供了證據證明,小鼠ob基因的突變不會在人類中發生。此外,由於在肥胖的人中,ob基因的表現是增加而非減少的,因此顯示對瘦素的抗性是可能存在的。[96]根據Roger Guillemin的建議,Friedman將這種新的激素命名為leptin(瘦素),這個字是從希臘單字lepto衍伸來的,代表瘦的意思。[92][97]另外,瘦素是第一個被發現的脂肪細胞激素。[98]
Coleman和Friedman因為發現了瘦素,獲得了許多獎項,包括Gairdner Foundation International Award(2005),Shaw Prize(2009)[103],Lasker Award[104], BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award[105]和King Faisal International Prize[106]。 然而,Leibel卻沒有得到同等程度的認可,因為他在Friedman發現基因後所發表的科學論文中並沒有被列為共同作者。有許多人對於Friedman遺漏Leibel以及其他也應該被列為共同作者的人做出了各種各種不同的猜測,而這些猜測也被放在許多出版物中,其中包括Ellen Ruppel Shell在2002年發表的著作The Hungry Gene[107][108]。
瘦素的發現也記錄在一系列書籍中,包括 Robert Pool所寫的Fat: Fighting the Obesity Epidemic[109]、Ellen Ruppel Shell 所寫的The Hungry Gene,以及Gina Kolata所寫的Rethinking Thin: The New Science of Weight Loss and the Myths and Realities of Dieting[110][111]。其中,Fat: Fighting the Obesity Epidemic及Rethinking Thin: The New Science of Weight Loss and the Myths and Realities of Dieting回顧了Friedman實驗室中ob gene複製的過程,而The Hungry Gene則讓人們注意到Leibel對於發現ob基因突變的貢獻。
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