根据Arrowsmith、Fellowes和Graves Hansard于1832年出版的《古代地理语法》(A Grammar of Ancient Geography),萨尔马提亚分为两部分,欧罗巴萨尔马提亚[12]和亚细亚萨尔马提亚[13],覆盖一片总面积达503 000平方英里和1 302 764平方公里的地区。萨尔马提亚人基本上是在尼尼微围城战后回到东欧大草原的斯基泰老兵(塞迦人、伊阿居格人、帕提亚人等)。波兰什拉赫塔贵族奉行萨尔马提亚主义,称自己是萨尔马提亚人的直系后裔。
Reuven Amitai; Michal Biran (editors). Mongols, Turks, and others: Eurasian nomads and the sedentary world (Brill's Inner Asian Library, 11). Leiden: Brill Publishers, 2005 (ISBN90-04-14096-4).
Robert Drews. Early riders: The beginnings of mounted warfare in Asia and Europe. N.Y.: Routledge, 2004 (ISBN0-415-32624-9).
Grousset, Rene. The Empire of the Steppes: a History of Central Asia, Naomi Walford, (tr.), New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1970.
Erik Hildinger. Warriors of the steppe: A military history of Central Asia, 500 B.C. to A.D. 1700. New York: Sarpedon Publishers, 1997 (hardcover, ISBN1-885119-43-7); Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press, 2001 (paperback, ISBN0-306-81065-4).
Nikolay Kradin. Nomadic Empires: Origins, Rise, Decline. In Nomadic Pathways in Social Evolution. Ed. by N.N. Kradin, Dmitri Bondarenko, and T. Barfield (p. 73–87). Moscow: Center for Civilizational Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences, 2003.
Nikolay Kradin. Nomads of Inner Asia in Transition. Moscow: URSS, 2014 (ISBN978-5-396-00632-4).
^Golden, Peter B. (1992). An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples: Ethnogenesis and State Formation in the Medieval and Early Modern Eurasia and the Middle East. Southgate Publishers. p. 75.
^Scythian. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. [16 May 2015]. (原始内容存档于2014-05-21).
^J.Harmatta: "Scythians" in UNESCO Collection of History of Humanity – Volume III: From the Seventh Century BC to the Seventh Century AD. Routledge/UNESCO. 1996. pg. 182
^Golden 1992,第253, 256頁: "[Pontic Bulgars] With their Avar and Türk political heritage, they assumed political leadership over an array of Turkic groups, Iranians and Finno-Ugric peoples, under the overlordship of the Khazars, whose vassals they remained." ... "The Bulgars, whose Oguric ancestors ..." sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFGolden1992 (幫助)
^McKitterick, Rosamond. The New Cambridge Medieval History. Cambridge University Press. 1995: 229 [2020-07-12]. ISBN 9780521362924. (原始内容存档于2021-12-22). The exact ethnic origins of the Danubian Bulgars is controversial. It is in any case most probable that they had enveloped groupings of diverse origins during their migration westwards across the Eurasian steppes, and they undoubtedly spoke a form of Turkic as their main language. The Bulgars long retained many of the customs, military tactics, titles and emblems of a nomadic people of the steppes.
^Sophoulis 2011,第65–66, 68–69頁: "The warriors who founded the Bulgar state in the Lower Danube region were culturally related to the nomads of Eurasia. Indeed, their language was Turkic, and more specifically Oğuric, as is apparent from the isolated words and phrases preserved in a number of inventory inscriptions." ... "It is generally believed that during their migration to the Balkans, the Bulgars brought with them or swept along several other groups of Eurasian nomads whose exact ethnic and linguistic affinities are impossible to determine... Sarmato-Alanian origin... Slav or Slavicized sedentary populations." sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFSophoulis2011 (幫助)
^Brook 2006,第13頁: "Thus, the Bulgars were actually a tribal confederation of multiple Hunnic, Turkic, and Iranian groups mixed together." sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFBrook2006 (幫助)
^Bulgaria: Arrival of the Bulgars. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. [3 June 2015]. The name Bulgaria comes from the Bulgars, a people who are still a matter of academic dispute with respect to their origin (Turkic or Indo-European) as well as to their influence on the ethnic mixture and the language of present-day Bulgaria.[永久失效連結]
^ 29.029.1Bulgar. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. [3 June 2015]. Although many scholars, including linguists, had posited that the Bulgars were derived from a Turkic tribe of Central Asia (perhaps with Iranian elements), modern genetic research points to an affiliation with western Eurasian populations.
^Suslova; et al. HLA gene and haplotype frequencies in Russians, Bashkirs and Tatars, living in the Chelyabinsk Region (Russian South Urals).. International Journal of Immunogenetics (Blackwell Publishing Ltd). October 2012, 39 (5): 375–392. PMID 22520580. doi:10.1111/j.1744-313X.2012.01117.x.
^Fiedler 2008,第151頁: "...ethnic symbiosis between Slavic commoners and Bulgar elites of Turkic origin, who ultimately gave their name to the Slavic-speaking Bulgarians." sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFFiedler2008 (幫助)