永濟河

10°34′12″N 104°55′34″E / 10.570°N 104.926°E / 10.570; 104.926

永濟河

永濟河越南语Kênh Vĩnh Tế涇永濟)是越南南部一條87公里長的運河,規劃於朱篤,直通暹羅灣河仙海門。柬埔寨人將永濟河、瑞河越南语Kênh Thoại Hà等運河統稱為阮運河高棉語ព្រែកយួន高棉语发音:[prɛːkɑː yuən]);「阮」(យួន)是高棉人對越南人的稱呼,帶有貶義[1][2]

在修建了名叫「瑞河越南语Kênh Thoại Hà」的運河後,1819年,阮朝嘉隆帝提出修建運河的計劃,大臣阮文仁認為高棉人已經疲憊不堪,擔心引發反抗,嘉隆帝遂擱置這一計劃[3]。後來柬埔寨國王安贊二世向阮朝表示支持修建運河[4][1][2],嘉隆帝認為雖然工程艱難,但「其於國計邊籌,誠為要著」,遂下了修建運河的決心[2]

這項工程始於1819年年底,動用了三萬九千多本地越南人及一萬六千多高棉工人。[5][2]在嘉隆帝死後,其繼任者明命帝繼續這項工程[6]。工人遭到沉重剝削,被迫從事繁重勞動,尤其是高棉族工人,越南工人被派去做乾土工程,而高棉工人則在泥水中挖河道[7],成千上萬的工人在挖掘運河期間因疲勞及隨之而來的疾病而死亡。[8][9],此外柬埔寨民族主義者稱,違反命令的高棉工人脖子以下被埋在土裏,越南人用他們的頭作為煮茶的三腳架[10]。因此,永濟河成為了越南人虐待高棉人的象徵,後來被用於紅色高棉反越政治宣傳中。[11]此工程於1824年完成,[12][2]自此時開始,這條運河在越南南部的交通上扮演重要角色,並確定了越南與柬埔寨的邊界。[1][13]

參考資料

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Writing staff. Kênh Vĩnh Tế. Encyclopedic Dictionary of Vietnam. 2006 [2009-02-17]. (原始内容存档于2009-02-17). 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Bảo Trị & Thành Trinh. Từ kênh Võ Văn Kiệt nhớ kênh Vĩnh Tế. An Giang Newspaper. 2009 [2009-02-17]. (原始内容存档于2011-09-05) (越南语). 
  3. ^ 大南實錄》正編第一紀 卷五十五 嘉隆十八年正月:帝議欲發真臘軍民開浚朱篤河道。阮文仁諫曰:“浚河之役,工程重大。今藩國之民初附,若土木頻勞,臣恐必將驚動而事難成矣,請姑罷之。”帝從其言。
  4. ^ 國朝正編撮要·卷之二》:(嘉隆十八年九月)浚朱篤江道,通于河仙,賜名永濟河。帝以永清、河僊與真臘接壤,公私往來舊無水道,議因朱篤江鑿而通之。會真臘召錘仝扶來朝,帝召見詢問。仝扶對曰:「此河一開,臘民蒙其利,藩王亦有此願,不敢請耳。」帝嘉悅,詔諭永清民曰:「此河開鑿,工役至艱。國計邊籌,所開□細。爾等雖有今日之勞,而寔有萬世之利。其各胥相報告,毋憚勞焉。」
  5. ^ 國朝正編撮要·卷之三》:(明命三年十月)眞臘王匿禛置書于嘉定,請合力濬永濟河。命悅預先規畫。請發在城並永淸、定祥、威遠屯兵民三萬九千餘,與眞臘兵民一萬六千餘,分爲三番,以開春應役,初夏畢工。許之。諭之曰:「永濟河道連新疆,一路舟車,爲利正溥。我皇考世祖高皇帝淵謨妙算,注意邊籌,一初開導,工未告完。朕邇追先志,深惟一勞久佚之計。卿當如何籌辦,指日奏功,以稱朕意。且此河非眞臘之利,藩王所請,未必眞情。諭到日,彼必有言阻之。然事成於果斷,敗於猶豫。朕已先定,彼何足算哉。」
  6. ^ 國朝正編撮要·卷之三》:(明命四年)二月,復濟永濟河,命黎文悅董其事。先是,悅聞興化盗起,密疏請緩。至是,興化匪平,撥兵民開浚。未幾,悅有疾,命副總鎭張進寶代辦。
  7. ^ 嘉定城通志·山川志·藩安鎮》:永濟河,在朱篤屯之西。嘉隆十八年乙卯,直度朱篤屯右濠而西,經歌音淖口至祗村,長四萬四千四百二十尋,成二百五里半,命名永濟河。欽頒永清鎮鎮守統制瑞玉侯阮文瑞、右軍右保衛尉掌奇宣光侯潘文宣董督永清鎮民夫,每番五千人,威遠屯留戍軍五百,高蠻國昭錘尊羅呵全扶率軍力,每番五千,以十二月十五日起工。除淖口四千七十五尋不加工外,實力開浚二萬六千二百七十九尋。酌量土功難易,人力輕重,以自濠口至淖口剛燥土七千五百七十五尋為華民分作,泥濕土一萬八千七百四尋為高蠻分作。橫江十五尋,深六尺。官給每月人錢六貫、米一方,至明命元年庚辰三月十五日告浚。共成新河長一百四十里半,接舊河至河仙海口,總長二百五里半。而河道大通,人民商賈,共享無窮之利矣。
  8. ^ 國朝正編撮要·卷之三》:(明命四年)四月,緩永濟河工。以節屆夏天,河工僅存一千七百餘丈,命停其役。賞黎文悅、張進寶及監修等,並眞臘國王綵幣。藩僚督辦,亦與衣袴。復賜文悅玉帶。
  9. ^ Thi Dieu Nguyen. The Mekong River and the struggle for Indochina: water, war, and peace. Greenwood Publishing Group. 1999: 19. ISBN 0-275-96137-0. 
  10. ^ Taylor, Philip. The Khmer lands of Vietnam : environment, cosmology, and sovereignty. : 183. OCLC 1002061468. 
  11. ^ Nayan Chanda. Brother Enemy: the war after the war. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. 1986: 52. ISBN 0-15-114420-6. 
  12. ^ 國朝正編撮要·卷之三》:(明命五年二月)續浚永濟河。去年遺一千七百丈,續浚之。五月功浚,建碑以誌之。
  13. ^ Dodd, Jan; Lewis, Mark. Rough guide to Vietnam. Rough Guides. 2003: 168. ISBN 1-84353-095-3. 

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