森林鱷科

森林鳄科
化石时期：70–35 Ma
森林鱷
科学分类 编辑
界： 动物界 Animalia
门： 脊索动物门 Chordata
纲： 爬行綱 Reptilia
演化支： 真爬行動物 Eureptilia
演化支： 卢默龙类 Romeriida
亚纲： 双孔亚纲 Diapsida
演化支： 新双弓类 Neodiapsida
演化支： 蜥类 Sauria
演化支： 主龜龍類 Archelosauria
下纲： 主龍形下綱 Archosauromorpha
演化支： 鱷腳類 Crocopoda
演化支： 主龍型類 Archosauriformes
演化支： 真鱷腳類 Eucrocopoda
演化支： 镶嵌踝类 Crurotarsi
演化支： 主龍類 Archosauria
演化支： 偽鱷類 Pseudosuchia
演化支： 鳄类 Suchia
演化支： 副鱷形類 Paracrocodylomorpha
演化支： 铠鳄类 Loricata
总目： 鱷形超目 Crocodylomorpha
演化支： 坚颅类 Solidocrania
演化支： 鱷型類 Crocodyliformes
演化支： 中真鱷類 Mesoeucrocodylia
演化支： 後鱷類 Metasuchia
演化支： 新鱷類 Neosuchia
演化支： †特提斯鳄类 Tethysuchia
科： †森林鳄科 Dyrosauridae
de Stefano, 1903
屬

见内文

森林鱷科（学名：Dyrosauridae）屬於鱷形超目的新鱷類，生活於白堊紀晚期到始新世。化石幾乎遍布在世界各地，尤其是亞洲、歐洲、非洲與美洲。

森林鱷科是少數生存過白堊紀末滅絕事件的海生爬行動物。目前已發現許多屬，但體型與頭骨形狀各異。以森林鱷為例，森林鱷具有修長的頜部，內有眾多牙齒，顯示牠們主要以魚類為食，類似現今的長吻鱷。森林鱷身長可達6公尺，是種大型動物。磷鱷的身長更可達9公尺，口鼻部較短、更寬、咬合力更大，牙齒較大、呈部份圓形，而體型更壯碩。磷鱷的頜部不適合抓住易滑的獵物，顯示牠們採用抓住、壓碎的方式，獵食較大型的海生動物，例如海龜。

歷史

森林鱷科一度被認為是亞洲生物群，但最近的發現顯示牠們棲息於幾乎每個大陸。事實上，從原始物種顯示牠們可能起源於北美洲。

分類系統

森林鱷科的所知甚少，因為儘管相對地繁盛，但是保存下來的化石不多。儘管如此，Jouve等人在2005年發現森林鱷科是個演化支，根據7個共有衍徵：

  • 關節後突（Retroarticular process）的後背側翼位於關節後突的腹側。
  • 枕骨粗隆部小。
  • 外枕骨對枕骨髁而言較大。
  • 上顳孔頭尾大幅延長。
  • 骨頭聯合處的寬度大於高度。
  • 方顴骨連接至頭顱髁與頜關節的部份大。
  • 前上頜骨有四顆牙齒。

屬

演化樹(2005年)

以下為森林鱷科的可能演化樹（來自於Jouve、Barbosa兩人的個別研究）： 

森林鱷科 Dyrosauridae
|--徹納恩鱷 Chenanisuchus
`--+--磷鱷亞科 Phosphatosaurinae
   |  |--索科托鱷 Sokotosuchus
   |  `--磷鱷 Phosphatosaurus
   `--森林鱷亞科 Dyrosaurinae
      |--森林鱷 Dyrosaurus
      `--+--阿朗布爾鱷 Arambourgisuchus
         |--瓜拉尼鱷 Guarinisuchus
         `--+--下伏鱷 Hyposaurus
            `--+--剛果鱷 Congosaurus
               `--+--亞特蘭大鱷 Atlantosuchus
                  `--桿頜鱷 Rhabdognathus
´

位置不明物種：

另有研究顯示，森林鱷科的最近親為肌鱷與特里鱷（Terminonaris）。

參考資料

  • Babosa, J.A., Kellner, A.W.A. and Viana, M.S.S. (2008). New dyrosaurid crocodylomorph and evidences for faunal turnover at the K–P transition in Brazil. Proceedings of the Royal Sociey B: Biological Sciences: Firstcite
  • Buffetaut, E. (1985). L'evolution des crocodiliens. Les animaux disparus-Pour la science, Paris 109.
  • Jouve, S., Bouya, B. and Amaghzaz, M. (2008). A long-snouted dyrosaurid (Crocodyliformes, Mesoeucrocodylia) from the Paleocene of Morocco: phylogenetic and palaeogeographic implications. Palaeontology 51 (2): 281-294
  • Jouve, S., Iarochène, M., Bouya, B. & Amaghzaz, M., (2005) A new dyrosaurid crocodyliform from the Palaeocene of Morocco and a phylogenetic analysis of Dyrosauridae. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 50 (3): 581-594

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