柳升

柳升
大明交阯總兵官
爵位安遠侯
籍貫京師安慶府懷寧縣
族裔汉族
字號子漸
諡號襄愍
出生不详
京師安慶府懷寧縣
逝世宣德二年(1427年)
交趾承宣布政使司
親屬柳崇(父)、柳溥(子)
柳承慶(孫)、柳景(曾孫)
柳文(玄孫)、柳珣(来孙)
柳震柳懋勛柳祚昌柳紹宗(后)

柳升(?—1427年),一作柳昇,字子漸南直隸安慶府懷寧縣(今安徽省安慶市怀宁县)人,明朝军事将领,封爵為安遠侯。谥襄愍

生平

洪武建文年间

柳升继承其父燕山護衛百戶职位。靖难之役中,跟随燕王朱棣起兵,后参与大小二十余次战役,累升至左軍都督府都督僉事[1]

永乐年间

永樂初年,跟随张辅征讨交趾(安南國),并在魯江之战中斩获敌军元帅阮子仁等。此后镇守鹹子關。当时安南军在富良江中设立江立寨,船只长达十余里,陆军数万人。柳升率领水军,张辅率领陆军,两路合击大败安南军,捉捕阮希周等人。此后,又在奇羅海口击败安南军残部,得船三百余艘,其部属捉捕胡季犛及其子胡元澄,交趾遂歸入明廷直轄統治。大军还师后,封安遠伯,祿千石,予世券[2]

永乐七年,跟从陳瑄出师巡海,至青州海中,大破倭寇,且追至金州白山島。次年,跟从朱棣北征,在曲津率领神機营为前锋,大败阿魯臺[3]。明军班师后,柳升晋升为侯爵,加祿五百石,仍世袭伯爵。此后,出鎮寧夏,討斬叛將馮答蘭帖木兒[4]。之后召还,总督京营。永乐十二年,再次跟从朱棣北征,率领大營兵攻打忽蘭忽失溫,并以火器攻破[5]

永乐十八年,柳升与都指揮劉忠帅京营追剿蒲臺唐賽兒,但因轻敌,唐賽兒假装求降,后晚上偷袭,劉忠中箭而亡。柳升直到第二天明才发觉,追获百余人。当时都指揮衛青力战解围,柳升却嫉妒其功,屡次诋毁。之后留守下狱,不久获释[6]。永乐二十年,再次跟明成祖北征,率领中軍在屈裂兒河击败兀良哈,后授予世袭侯爵。明成祖五次北征,柳升皆跟从且屡有战功,寵待在列侯之上[7]

洪熙宣德年间

柳昇陣亡之地倒馬坡(位於越南諒山省境內,今名柳昇石)。

明仁宗即位后,命掌管右军都督府事,加封太子太傅[8]宣德元年,安南黎利起兵反明,成山侯王通黎利失利。明宣宗任命柳升为征虜副將軍,充總兵官,保定伯梁銘為左副總兵,都督崔聚為參將,尚書李慶贊軍務,共率领陆军七万人,会同黔國公沐晟征讨。当时安南军气势已胜,道路梗絕,朝廷久不得交阯奏報[9]。宣德二年,进入隘留關。当时黎利伪造國人上書,請立陳氏後,柳升不启封。安南军于是沿途设柵,明军接连攻破,抵达鎮夷關。柳升以明军连续获胜而以为战易。当时李慶梁銘都病重,郎中史安、主事陳鏞对李慶称:“柳將軍辭色皆驕。驕者,兵家所忌。賊或示弱以誘我,未可知也。防賊設伏,璽書告誡甚切,公宜力言之。”李慶强起告诫柳升,而柳升不以为然[10]。之后,大军抵达倒馬坡,柳升与百余騎先馳度橋,橋随后坏段,后军无法前进。此时安南伏兵突起,柳升陷入淤泥里,中飞镖而亡。次日,梁銘病终。再一日,李慶病终。又过一日,大军由崔聚率领至昌江。此时,安南军众甚多,明军在此进行殊死搏斗。安南驱赶大象参战,后明军阵乱,安南军大称:“降者不死”。明军或战或撤,无降者,之后全军覆灭。史安、陳鏞、李宗昉潘禋均死于军中[11]

柳升質直寬和,善于抚恤士卒,勇猛但无谋,于是导致全军覆灭。柳升战败后,沐晟部队无法进入,于是撤退。而王通孤軍援絕,于是明军自交阯撤退。當明宣宗皇帝得悉明軍戰敗,便對柳升有所抱怨。[12] 朝廷商议因为柳升率军战败,不令其子柳溥袭爵位,很久后才允许。正统十二年,贈升融國公,謚襄湣[13]

其墓址位于今安徽省怀宁县清河乡柳林组,文革期间遭遇破四旧,墓碑被铲平,2002年重立墓碑。柳升死后,其李姓管家一族信守诺言,世代为柳升守护墓地,已守墓28代人,近600年。

参考文献

  1. ^ 明史》(卷154):“柳升,懷寧人。襲父職為燕山護衛百戶。大小二十余戰,累遷左軍都督僉事。”
  2. ^ 明史》(卷154):“永樂初,從張輔征交阯,破賊魯江,斬其帥阮子仁等。守鹹子關。賊入富良江,舟亙十余裏,截江立寨,陸兵亦數萬人。輔將步騎,升將水軍,夾攻,大敗之,獲偽尚書阮希周等。又敗賊於奇羅海口,得舟三百。部卒得季犛及其子澄。升賫露布獻俘,被賞賚。師還,封安遠伯,祿千石,予世券。”
  3. ^ 明史》(卷154):“七年同陳瑄帥舟師巡海,至青州海中,大破倭,追至金州白山島而還。明年從北征,至回曲津,將神機火器為前鋒,大敗阿魯臺。”
  4. ^ 明史》(卷154):“進封侯,加祿五百石,仍世伯爵。出鎮寧夏,討斬叛將馮答蘭帖木兒等。”
  5. ^ 明史》(卷154):“召還,總京營兵。十二年復從北征,將大營兵戰忽蘭、忽失溫,以火器破敵。”
  6. ^ 明史》(卷154):“十八年,蒲臺妖婦唐賽兒反。命升與都指揮劉忠將京軍往剿,圍其寨。升自以大將,意輕賊。賊乞降,信之。夜為所襲,忠中流矢死,賽兒遁去。及明始覺,追獲其黨百余人。都指揮衛青力戰解安邱圍。升忌其功,摧辱之。征下獄,已,得釋。”
  7. ^ 明史》(卷154):“二十年復從北征,將中軍破兀良哈於屈裂兒河,予世侯。帝五出塞,升皆從,數有功,寵待在列侯右。”
  8. ^ 明史》(卷154):“仁宗即位,命掌右府,加太子太傅。”
  9. ^ 明史》(卷154):“宣德元年冬,成山侯王通征黎利,敗聞。命升為征虜副將軍,充總兵官,保定伯梁銘為左副總兵,都督崔聚為參將,尚書李慶贊軍務,帥步騎七萬,會黔國公沐晟往討。時賊勢已盛,道路梗絕,朝廷久不得交阯奏報。”
  10. ^ 明史》(卷154):“二年六月,有軍丁李茂先者三人,間道走京師,言昌江被圍急。帝授三人百戶。敕升急進援,而昌江已於四月陷。九月,升始入隘留關。利偽為國人上書,請立陳氏後,升不啟封以聞。賊緣途據險列柵,官軍連破之,抵鎮夷關。升以賊屢敗,易之。時李慶、梁銘皆病甚。郎中史安、主事陳鏞言於慶曰:“柳將軍辭色皆驕。驕者,兵家所忌。賊或示弱以誘我,未可知也。防賊設伏,璽書告誡甚切,公宜力言之。”慶強起告升,升不為意。”
  11. ^ 明史》(卷154):“至倒馬坡,與百余騎先馳度橋,橋遽壞,後隊不得進。賊伏四起,升陷泥淖中,中鏢死。其日,銘病卒。明日,慶亦卒。又明日,崔聚帥軍至昌江。賊來益眾,官軍殊死鬥。賊驅象大戰。陣亂,賊大呼:“降者不死。”官軍或死或走,無降者,全軍盡沒。史安、陳鏞及李宗昉、潘禋皆死之。”
  12. ^ 明實錄·宣宗實錄》宣德二年十一月辛卯條:「上曰:『朕以前在交址(即交趾),熟知地利人情,是以用之。然恐其恃勇而驕,故切誡其持重,且謂:「賊無他技,惟設伏詐降以誘敵。」必升不用朕言,致有此失,此升負朕也!』嘆惋久之。」
  13. ^ 明史》(卷154):“升質直寬和,善撫士卒,勇而寡謀,遂及於敗。升敗,沐晟師不得進,亦引還。王通孤軍援絕,遂棄交阯。朝議以升喪師,不令子溥襲爵,久之乃許。正統十二年贈升融國公,謚襄湣。”

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