敌敌畏

敌敌畏
IUPAC名
2,2-Dichlorovinyl dimethyl phosphate
(2,2-二氯乙烯基)二甲基磷酸酯
别名 DDVP, Vapona[1]
识别
CAS号 62-73-7  checkY[???]
PubChem 3039
ChemSpider 2931
SMILES
 
  • O=P(O\C=C(/Cl)Cl)(OC)OC
InChI
 
  • 1S/2ClH.2H3N.Pt/h2*1H;2*1H3;/q;;;;+2/p-2
InChIKey LXZZYRPGZAFOLE-UHFFFAOYSA-L
ChEBI 34690
KEGG D03791
性质
化学式 C4H7Cl2O4P
摩尔质量 220.98 g·mol−1
若非注明,所有数据均出自标准状态(25 ℃,100 kPa)下。
dichlorvos」的各地常用名稱
中国大陸敌敌畏
臺灣二氯松
港澳敵敵畏

敌敌畏(英語:Dichlorvos,簡稱DDVP[1])属于有机磷酸酯类化合物,分子式,是一种常用的环境卫生杀虫剂。敌敌畏自1961年以来一直是可商购的,但因其在城市水道中的流行性以及其毒性远远超出昆虫的影响而引起争议。[2]敌敌畏自1998年起在欧盟被禁用。[3]

制备

敌敌畏可由亚磷酸三甲酯三氯乙醛反应或敌百虫脱氯化氢得到。1984年,世界敌敌畏的年产量约为4220吨。其中约300吨是在西欧生产的。[4]

性质

敌敌畏是一种无色液体,[5]有芳香气味。[6]它的密度为 1.43 g·cm−3[6]熔点低于 −60 °C[6]沸点 140 °C[6],可溶于水。[6]

用处

敌敌畏对温室和室外作物中的蘑菇蝇、蚜虫叶螨科毛毛虫蓟马粉虱有效。它还用于碾磨和谷物加工行业,并用于治疗动物和人类的各种寄生虫感染。它被喂给牲畜,以控制粪便中的肤蝇科幼虫。它通过和摄入来对抗昆虫。它可作为气溶胶和可溶性浓缩物使用。它还以浸有杀虫剂的塑料形式,用于宠物跳蚤项圈英语flea collar。敌敌畏自1964年以来一直可供家庭使用,并引起了一些担忧,部分原因是滥用。[7]

作用机制

类似于其它有机磷酸酯杀虫剂,敌敌畏作用于乙酰胆碱酯酶,它与昆虫的神经系统有关,且据称它会破坏昆虫的DNA[8];有人已经提出了证据指出这些也适用于高等动物的作用方式。[9][10]

监管

美国国家环境保护局已多次审查敌敌畏的安全数据。[11]1995年,他们与供应商Amvac Chemical Corporation英语Amvac Chemical Corporation达成了一项自愿协议,该协议限制敌敌畏在许多(但不是全部)家庭用途、所有航空应用和其他用途中的使用。[12]2006年、2008年和2010年实施了额外的自愿取消。他们主要关注集中在急性和慢性毒性以及这种农药在城市水道中普遍存在的事实。[13]2010年的一项研究发现,尿液中有机磷代谢物浓度每增加10倍,儿童患ADHD的几率就会增加55%至72%。[14][15][16]

危险性

工作场所的敌敌畏可以通过吸入、皮肤吸收、吞咽和眼睛接触而进入人体。职业安全与健康管理局英语Occupational Safety and Health Administration(OSHA)已将工作场所敌敌畏暴露的法定限值(允许暴露限值英语permissible exposure limit)设为 1 mg/m3(工作日8小时)。美国国家职业安全卫生研究所(NIOSH)则将8小时工作日内的推荐暴露限值英语recommended exposure limit(REL)设为 1 mg/m3。在 100 mg/m3的浓度下,敌敌畏已达到立即危及生命或健康英语immediately dangerous to life or health(IDLH)浓度。[17]

对人体的影响

敌敌畏是一种乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制剂英语acetylcholinesterase inhibitor。敌敌畏暴露的症状包括虚弱、头痛、胸闷、视力模糊、流涎、出汗、恶心、呕吐、腹泻、腹部痉挛、眼睛和皮肤刺激、瞳孔缩小英语Miosis、眼痛、流鼻涕、喘鸣喉痉挛英语Laryngospasm发绀食欲不振肌肉震颤英语Fasciculation、麻痹、头晕、共济失调、抽搐、低血压心律不整[17]

敌敌畏也会影响DNA的生长,[18]并干扰人体神经系统。[19]

LC50 数据[20]
剂量 动物 时间
15 mg/m3 大鼠 4 h
13 mg/m3 小鼠 4 h
LD50 数据[20]
剂量 动物 途径
100 mg/kg 口服
61 mg/kg 小鼠 口服
10 mg/kg 兔子 口服
17 mg/kg 大鼠 口服

参考文献

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 Dichlorvos. Haz-Map. U.S. National Library of Medicine. August 2015 [2015-10-13]. (原始内容存档于2019-06-24). 
  2. ^ Das S. A review of Dichlorvos toxicity in fish. Current World Environment Journal. 2013, 8 (1). doi:10.12944/CWE.8.1.08可免费查阅. 
  3. ^ Which Pesticides are Banned in Europe? (PDF). pan-europe.info. April 2008 [2021-07-12]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-09-10). 
  4. ^ Rainer Koch: Umweltchemikalien, 3. Auflage (1995), VCH, Weinheim, ISBN 3-527-30061-9.
  5. ^ Entry on Dichlorvos. at: Römpp Online. Georg Thieme Verlag, retrieved {{{Datum}}}.
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 Record of Dichlorvos in the GESTIS Substance Database from the IFA英语Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
  7. ^ Gillett JW, Harr JR, Lindstrom FT, Mount DA, St Clair AD, Weber LJ. Evaluation of human health hazards on use of dichlorvos (DDVP), especially in resin strips. Residue Reviews. 1972, 44: 115–59. ISBN 978-0-387-05863-4. PMID 4576326. doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-8491-9_6. 
  8. ^ Espeland M, Irestedt M, Johanson KA, Akerlund M, Bergh JE, Källersjö M. Dichlorvos exposure impedes extraction and amplification of DNA from insects in museum collections. Frontiers in Zoology. January 2010, 7: 2. PMC 2819063可免费查阅. PMID 20148102. doi:10.1186/1742-9994-7-2. 
  9. ^ Pancetti F, Olmos C, Dagnino-Subiabre A, Rozas C, Morales B. Noncholinesterase effects induced by organophosphate pesticides and their relationship to cognitive processes: implication for the action of acylpeptide hydrolase. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B. December 2007, 10 (8): 623–30. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.334.9406可免费查阅. PMID 18049927. doi:10.1080/10937400701436445. 
  10. ^ Booth ED, Jones E, Elliott BM. Review of the in vitro and in vivo genotoxicity of dichlorvos. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology. December 2007, 49 (3): 316–26. PMID 17936460. doi:10.1016/j.yrtph.2007.08.011. 
  11. ^ Mennear JH. Dichlorvos: a regulatory conundrum. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology. June 1998, 27 (3): 265–72. PMID 9693077. doi:10.1006/rtph.1998.1217. 
  12. ^ Dichlorvos (DDVP): Deletion of Certain Uses and Directions. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: Office of Pesticide Programs: 19580–19581. April 19, 1995 [2021-07-12]. (原始内容存档于2021-09-10). Docket Control Number OPP-38511 
  13. ^ Wines M. Pesticide Levels in Waterways Have Dropped, Reducing the Risks to Humans. The New York Times. 11 September 2014 [2021-07-12]. (原始内容存档于2021-07-12). 
  14. ^ Brooks M. Organophosphate Pesticides Linked to ADHD. Medscape. May 17, 2010 [2021-07-12]. (原始内容存档于2021-07-16). 
  15. ^ Bouchard MF, Bellinger DC, Wright RO, Weisskopf MG. Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Urinary Metabolites of Organophosphate Pesticides. Pediatrics. June 2010, 125 (6): e1270–7. PMC 3706632可免费查阅. PMID 20478945. doi:10.1542/peds.2009-3058可免费查阅. 
  16. ^ Raeburn P. Slow-Acting. Scientific American. Vol. 295 no. 2. August 14, 2006: 26 [2021-07-12]. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0806-26可免费查阅. (原始内容存档于2021-11-04). 
  17. ^ 17.0 17.1 NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. #0202. NIOSH. 
  18. ^ Preferential Effect of Dichlorvos(Vapona) on Bacteria Deficient in DNA Polymerase (PDF). Cancer Research. [2021-07-12]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-07-12). 
  19. ^ Big Court win for public health. NRDC. [2021-07-12]. (原始内容存档于2021-07-12). 
  20. ^ 20.0 20.1 Dichlorvos. Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health Concentrations (IDLH). National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). 

外部链接

Read other articles:

Embun di atas daun teratai. Embun adalah uap air yang mengalami proses pengembunan-proses berubahnya gas menjadi cairan.[1] Embun biasanya muncul di pagi hari, di sela-sela kaca jendela atau di balik daun. Air embun dalam agama Islam digolongkan sebagai air yang suci-menyucikan-air yang sah digunakan untuk berwudhu-bersama salju, danau, maupun sungai. Embun biasa terjadi setelah hujan atau saat pagi hari. Referensi ^ Society, National Geographic (2013-08-01). dew. National Geographic ...

 

 

Rizky TeguhLahir24 Februari 1995 (umur 29)Medan, Sumatera Utara, IndonesiaPekerjaanPelawak tunggalaktorTahun aktif2014—sekarang Rizky Teguh (lahir 24 Februari 1995) adalah seorang pelawak tunggal dan aktor berkebangsaan Indonesia. Teguh, sapaannya adalah salah satu pelawak tunggal jebolan komunitas Stand Up Indo Medan yang aktif sejak 2014. Teguh pertama kali dikenal secara nasional setelah mengikuti kompetisi di Stand Up Comedy Academy musim kedua (SUCA 2) yang diadakan Indosiar...

 

 

Kami Mengenang Rinto HarahapAlbum kompilasi karya berbagai artisDirilis2 Juli 2015GenreIndo-pop, Rock alternatifLabelMusica Studio's, Nagaswara, Warner Music Indonesia Kami Mengenang Rinto Harahap merupakan album kompilasi yang dibuat untuk mengenang karya terbaik komponis Indonesia, Almarhum Rinto Harahap. Gajah mati meninggalkan gading, musisi meninggal dunia mewariskan karya abadi. Untuk mengenang Rinto Harahap, sejumlah musisi muda berkumpul untuk menyanyikan kembali lagu-lagu ciptaan...

Lieutenant de vaisseau est un grade de certaines marines militaires. Marine royale belge Article détaillé : Grades de l'armée belge. Dans la composante marine des Forces armées belges, le grade de lieutenant de vaisseau (nl : luitenant ter zee) est le troisième grade d'officier. Le grade connaît deux classes : lieutenant de vaisseau (nl : luitenant ter zee) et lieutenant de vaisseau de première classe (nl : luitenant ter zee eerste classe). Il est supérieur au...

 

 

International web registry for animal names The taxon treatment for the frog Paedophryne amauensis,[1] mentioning the LSID for this nomenclatural act.[2] ZooBank is an open access website intended to be the official International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) registry of zoological nomenclature.[3] Any nomenclatural acts (e.g. publications that create or change a taxonomic name) published electronically need to be registered with ZooBank prior to publica...

 

 

Town and civil parish in West Yorkshire, England For the Anglican college, also known as Mirfield, see College of the Resurrection. Human settlement in EnglandMirfieldMirfield town centreMirfieldLocation within West YorkshirePopulation19,563 (Ward. 2011 Census)OS grid referenceSE205205Civil parishMirfieldMetropolitan boroughKirkleesMetropolitan countyWest YorkshireRegionYorkshire and the HumberCountryEnglandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townMIRFIELDPostcode&#...

Upper house of the Maine Legislature 44°18′26″N 69°46′54″W / 44.307138°N 69.781586°W / 44.307138; -69.781586 Maine State SenateMaine State LegislatureTypeTypeUpper house Term limits4 terms (8 years)HistoryNew session startedDecember 7, 2022LeadershipPresidentTroy Jackson (D) since December 5, 2018 Majority LeaderEloise Vitelli (D) since February 1, 2021 Minority LeaderTrey Stewart (R) since December 7, 2022 StructureSeats35Political groupsMajority  ...

 

 

2024 ballot initiative 2024 Maryland abortion referendum November 5, 2024 Declaration of Rights - Right to Reproductive Freedom Elections in Maryland Federal government Presidential elections 1788–89 1792 1796 1800 1804 1808 1812 1816 1820 1824 1828 1832 1836 1840 1844 1848 1852 1856 1860 1864 1868 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 ...

 

 

Belgian road bicycle racer Preben Van HeckeVan Hecke in 2015.Personal informationFull namePreben Van HeckeBorn (1982-07-09) 9 July 1982 (age 41)Dendermonde, BelgiumHeight1.79 m (5 ft 10 in)Weight66 kg (146 lb)Team informationCurrent teamAlpecin–DeceuninckDisciplineRoadRoleRider (retired)Directeur sportifAmateur team2003Quick-Step–Davitamon–Latexco Professional teams2004Relax–Bodysol2005–2007Davitamon–Lotto2008–2019Topsport Vlaanderen[1...

Some of this article's listed sources may not be reliable. Please help improve this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged and removed. (April 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Season of television series List of Running Man episodesNo. of episodes52ReleaseOriginal networkSBSOriginal releaseJanuary 3 (2016-01-03) –December 25, 2016 (2016-12-25)Season chronology← Previous2015 Next →2017 List o...

 

 

Italian football club For the Spanish club with the same name, see SP Villafranca. Football clubVillafrancaFull nameAssociazione Sportiva Dilettantistica VillafrancaNickname(s)Cappe Falzo Hasa DalFounded1920GroundStadio Comunale,Villafranca di Verona, ItalyChairmanMirko CordioliManagerPaolo CorghiLeagueEccellenza2019–20Serie D/B, 20th (relegated) Home colours Away colours Associazione Sportiva Dilettantistica Villafranca is an Italian association football club, based in Villafranca di Veron...

 

 

Målning föreställande Gustav III i kuppuniformen från 1772, på borded under hatten syns den nya regeringsformen. Avporträtterad av Lorens Pasch den yngre, 1777. 1772 års regeringsform är den regeringsform som Gustav III efter sin statskupp lade fram och som blev enhälligt antagen av ständerna 21 augusti 1772 (under riksdagen 1771–1772). Denna regeringsform gällde i Sverige tills den ersattes av 1809 års regeringsform, och i Finland tills den ersattes 1919 av det självständiga ...

United States Army officer (1864–1922) This article is about the United States Army officer. For other uses of the name, see Charles Young (disambiguation). Charles YoungYoung in 1919Born(1864-03-12)March 12, 1864Mays Lick, Kentucky, USDiedJanuary 8, 1922(1922-01-08) (aged 57)Lagos, Colony and Protectorate of NigeriaBuriedArlington National CemeteryAllegianceUnited StatesYears of service1889–1922RankBrigadier General (posthumous)[1]Unit 9th Cavalry Regiment 10th Cavalry ...

 

 

Religion in Trinidad and Tobago This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Islam in Trinidad and Tobago – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Islam by countryWorld percentage of Muslims by country Africa Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Bu...

 

 

Paul van Tongeren, 2021 Paul van Tongeren (* 26. August 1950 in Deventer) ist ein niederländischer Philosoph, der als Spezialist für Ethik und Friedrich Nietzsche hervorgetreten ist. Er lehrt seit 1993 als ordentlicher Professor an der Radboud-Universität Nijmegen. Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Werdegang 2 Werke 3 Auszeichnungen 4 Weblinks Werdegang Paul van Tongeren studierte Theologie und Philosophie an der Universität Utrecht und der Katholieke Universiteit Leuven. Dort schloss er mit einer Dis...

Sporting event delegationIndia at the1920 Summer OlympicsFlag of IndiaIOC codeINDNOCIndian Olympic AssociationWebsiteolympic.ind.inin AntwerpCompetitors5 in 2 sportsFlag bearerPurma BannerjeeMedals Gold 0 Silver 0 Bronze 0 Total 0 Summer Olympics appearances (overview)19001904–19121920192419281932193619481952195619601964196819721976198019841988199219962000200420082012201620202024 India sent its first Olympic team to the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp, Belgium, some twenty years after ...

 

 

خطوط بروكسل الجوية Brussels Airlines     إياتاSN إيكاوBEL رمز النداءBEE-LINE تاريخ الإنشاء 7 نوفمبر 2006 الجنسية بلجيكا  بداية النشاط 25 مارس 2007 المطارات الرئيسية مطار بروكسل برنامج المسافر الدائم أميال وأكثر التحالفات تحالف ستار الشعار «الطيران بطريقتك» المقرات الرئيسية دايغة، م�...

 

 

Colobothea aleata Klasifikasi ilmiah Kerajaan: Animalia Filum: Arthropoda Kelas: Insecta Ordo: Coleoptera Famili: Cerambycidae Genus: Colobothea Spesies: Colobothea aleata Colobothea aleata adalah spesies kumbang tanduk panjang yang tergolong famili Cerambycidae. Spesies ini juga merupakan bagian dari genus Colobothea, ordo Coleoptera, kelas Insecta, filum Arthropoda, dan kingdom Animalia. Larva kumbang ini biasanya mengebor ke dalam kayu dan dapat menyebabkan kerusakan pada batang kayu hidu...

Radio station in Atlantic City, New Jersey Not to be confused with WAVY. For the Chinese boy band, see WayV. This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: WAYV – news · ne...

 

 

See also: Armenia § Education This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (September 2021) Education in Armenia is held in particular esteem in Armenian culture. Education developed the fastest out of the social services, while health and welfare services attempted to maintain the basic state-planned structure of the Soviet era, following Armenia's independence in 1991.[1] Today, Armenia is trying to...