慈圣光献皇后

慈圣光献曹皇后
慈聖光獻皇后曹氏(中)
不詳
官職皇后
封號皇后⇒皇太后⇒太皇太后
出生1016年
真定靈壽(今河北靈壽縣)
婚年1034年
婚姻名份正室
逝世1079年
開封
谥号慈聖光獻皇后
坟墓永昭陵
親屬
父親曹玘
母親馮氏
仁宗明孝皇帝趙禎
夫之父真宗元孝皇帝趙恆
夫之嫡母章怀皇后章穆皇后章献明肃皇后
夫之母章懿李皇后
兄弟兄 曹傳(亦作傅)[1]
曹佾
弟 曹億

慈聖光獻皇后(1016年—1079年11月16日),曹氏真定靈壽(今河北靈壽)人,北宋宋仁宗趙禎第二任皇后,北宋名將曹彬的孙女。

生平

家世

祖父曹彬後周太祖郭威張貴妃的外甥,為北宋開國名將,歷宋太祖宋太宗宋真宗三朝要職。父曹玘,官至尚书虞部员外郎。弟曹佾,相傳是八仙中之曹國舅

封后

明道二年(1033年),劉太后死後,宋仁宗第一任皇后郭氏便被仁宗以無子為借口廢掉,幽居長寧宮,宋仁宗原本想冊封杨太妃支持的商贾之女陈氏為皇后,卻遭到反對。於是十八歲的曹氏奉詔入宮,次年九月立為皇后。曹皇后嫁給宋仁宗之前,還有過一段短暫的婚姻;其性情賢良淑德,但或因容貌,或其他原因,並不見寵於仁宗,而仁宗對她一向疏遠冷淡;但她賢慧寬容,對仁宗寵愛的張貴妃苗昭容俞婕妤等嬪妃,並不妒忌。曹皇后出身將門,也非常善于自处,熟讀經史,善飛白書書體之一),親自帶領宮嬪們在苑內種植穀物,養蠶採桑。

張貴妃借曹皇后車輦儀仗事件

恃仁宗盛寵的張貴妃,為了挑戰曹皇后權威,有次,張貴妃要出遊,向仁宗鬧著要借用皇后的車輦儀仗,仁宗明白這是僭越禮制,大臣們不會善罷甘休,皇后也不會答應,便推說「你自己去借借看。」沒想到曹皇后竟然爽快地答應了!張貴妃樂壞了,仁宗一想不對,便嚴肅地教訓她說:「國家的文物禮儀章法,上下是有秩序的,你用皇后的儀仗出遊,朝廷會非議的。」張貴妃聽完後,雖然不悅但也只能作罷 [2] 。可見仁宗還算睿智,較為賢明,並沒有愛屋及烏犯下嬌縱和教唆寵妃的又一過錯,由此更足見曹皇后的寬容和智慧。

坤寧宮事變

慶曆八年(1048年)正月坤寧宮事變,仁宗宿於曹皇后宮中,至半夜,一陣雜亂的響聲將他們驚醒,仁宗欲出去看看發生了什麼事,曹皇后勸說不可輕動,免遭毒手。曹皇后把內監宮人集中起來,分別把守宮門,並親手為每人剪下一綹頭髮。叛亂平亂之後,以髮為記,論功行賞取水防火。殺退了叛逆者臨危不懼,應變有方,指揮若定。

天子娶婦,皇后嫁女

其親外甥女高滔滔(其母為曹皇后姐),結識同庚的仁宗養子,宮中因排行呼為「十三」的趙宗實(英宗)。仁宗窺見其青梅竹馬,與皇后約:「異日必以為配」[3]。後因仁宗有實子誕育,宗實一度出居宮外。十三、滔滔,在「天子娶婦,皇后嫁女」的鋪墊下,十五歲成婚,為一時盛事。嘉祐七年(1062),宗實終立為太子,改名曙。英宗即位,治平二年(1065)冊立高滔滔為皇后,是為宣仁圣烈皇后

垂簾聽政

曹皇后正位中宮達28年,但一生未曾生育子女,仁宗雖曾有三子,但都是很早就夭折。其後因急於生子,以致縱慾過度,身體虛弱。早些年,皇后將濮安懿王趙允讓第十三子趙宗實接進宮中撫養,當時宗實四歲。嘉祐七年(1062年)八月,三十一歲的趙宗實立為皇太子,賜名曙。次年(1063年)三月,仁宗駕崩,趙曙進宮即位,成為宋英宗,尊曹皇后為皇太后。英宗即位不久就生病,無法處理朝政。曹太后於內東門小殿垂簾聽政。待英宗病情好轉後,曹太后即撤簾歸政。

治平四年(1067年),英宗病逝,神宗即位,尊曹太后為太皇太后。神宗重用王安石變法,革除許多弊政。但曹太皇太后認為「祖宗法度不宜輕改」予以反對,但未被神宗採納。元豐二年(1079年),蘇軾以「烏臺詩案」下獄,都是曹太皇太后出面向神宗求情,曹氏於期間去世,神宗因太皇太后國喪從而有從輕發落之意,使得蘇軾於曹氏崩逝後兩月有餘得以免死,貶為黃州團練副使。

逝世

元豐二年冬天十月二十日(1079年11月16日),曹太皇太后病逝,時年六十四歲,全慈聖光獻皇后爱民好与曰慈,能以仁教曰慈;通达先知曰圣,穷理尽性曰圣;和宁百姓曰光,格于上下曰光;聪明睿智曰献,博闻多能曰献[4]。次年三月與宋仁宗合葬永昭陵

軼聞

  • 曹皇后嫁給宋仁宗之前,還有過一段短暫的婚姻,曹皇后的第一任丈夫是京兆人李植,觀察使李士衡的孫子,從小就沉迷於求道,沒有結婚的念頭,但古代婚姻皆為父母之命,不顧他的反對,選曹皇后為妻。結婚當天,李植拜堂後入洞房,一說看見「鬼神千萬」,一說看見曹皇后相貌醜陋,嚇得翻牆逃走,出家做道士。曹皇后娘家人當即把曹皇后帶回娘家,和離解除婚姻關係。後來李植成為一代得道道士,曾在寶應僧舍牆壁上畫山水畫,被盛讚為「崑崙有名,瑤池非虛」。
  • 曹皇后身边有个宫女与卫卒私通,事情泄露,曹皇后按制度判宫女死罪。宫女向宠姬张贵妃哀求免死,张贵妃向仁宗说情,仁宗答应赦免。曹皇后得知后,穿戴上正式的服饰觐见皇帝,请求依法处理有罪的宫女,并说:「不这样,无法肃清掖庭。」仁宗让她坐下,曹皇后不坐,站着坚持自己的要求,直到最后仁宗下令按宫廷规矩把宫女杀掉,靠着这种极力的谨慎,曹皇后保住自己的皇后地位,正位中宫达28年之久。
  • 宋仁宗嘉祐元年中,皇帝生病,宰相至内东门小殿问候起居,皇帝从禁中跑出来,大声说:「皇后与张茂则谋大逆。」言语非常错乱。张茂则是宫中内侍,一向不受皇帝喜欢,闻言即自缢,左右解救,未遂。宰相文彦博责备他说:「天子有疾,所说的不过是病中谵语而已,你何必如此!你若是死了,将使中宫何所自容?」仍戒令他常侍皇帝左右,不得辄离。曹皇后也因言不敢到皇帝面前服侍。[5]
  • 苏轼曾因诗案被逮捕到御史台的监狱里。曹氏时为太皇太后,对宋神宗说:「我曾记得仁宗皇帝策试制举人后回来高兴地说:『我今天又为子孙谋得两位太平宰相了。』正是苏轼和苏辙。你怎么可以杀了他们呢」。曹氏於詩案期間逝世,而僅月餘後神宗僅將蘇軾貶往黃州,烏台詩案就此結束。[6]

影视形象

2020年电视剧《清平乐》:江疏影饰演曹皇后

2018年電視劇《知否?知否?应是绿肥红瘦》:楊青飾演皇后(太后)

外部連結

資料來源

  1. ^ 宋史》:傅,後兄也,榮州刺史,諡恭懷。
  2. ^ 宋史·后妃傳上·仁宗慈聖光獻曹皇后》張妃怙寵上僭,欲假后蓋出遊。帝使自來請,后與之,無靳色。妃喜,還以告,帝曰:「國家文物儀章,上下有秩,汝張之而出,外廷不汝置。」妃不懌而輟。
  3. ^ 宋史·后妃傳上·英宗宣仁聖烈高皇后》
  4. ^ 《宋會要輯稿》 禮五八
  5. ^ 续资治通鉴长编卷一百八十二》
  6. ^ 《西塘集耆旧续闻》
前任者:
郭皇后
宋朝皇后
1034年—1063年
繼任者:
宣仁圣烈皇后高氏

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