对马方言

对马方言
母语国家和地区日本
区域对马岛
母语使用人数
語系
語言代碼
ISO 639-3
Glottologtsus1237[1]

日语对马方言分布在长崎县对马岛

系属分类

尽管对马岛是个地势崎岖的岛屿,但它的方言相对比较统一。南端的津田是唯一的例外。奥村三雄 (1990)假设对马岛的政治文化中心——严原的新词汇特征按方言周圈论传播,似乎对地理上孤立的津井影响很小。[2]:136–175 对马方言总体上很接近九州方言,不过具体如何演化仍旧存疑。对马方言一般被分类为肥筑方言(西北九州),不过也有一些丰日方言(东九州)元素。对马方言的声调系统整体上可被视作肥筑方言筑前话的变种。不过奥村三雄 (1990)认为津井的声调系统很不可能是筑前型的祖先,而是更接近丰日方言的丰前型。他质疑了主流的筑前说,因为津井的方言似乎比对马岛上其他地方更保守。[2]

词汇

对马因其古老的习俗吸引了许多民俗学研究者,而对马方言对语言学家来说则不那么有趣,因为它的词汇在整个日本俯拾皆是。对马方言部分特色词汇有わむ(U形谷)和さえ(V形谷)。[3]:248–257

值得注意的是,对马方言几乎完全没有朝鲜语的影响。因为对马岛的地理位置靠近韩国,在外交上也有着特殊的地位,所以语言学家曾期望在对马方言中看到一些朝鲜语的痕迹。[4]:1–21然而,他们没法通过田野调查检验这一猜想,出于对马岛的战略重要性,到达岛上受军队限制。在1950到1951年,日本语言学会与其他几个学术机构终于进行了一次全面的研究。令人惊讶的是,朝鲜语对对马方言几乎没有影响。他们在最北端的鳄浦能找到的只有几个朝鲜语借词,如やんばん(“富人”,来自朝鲜语양반)、ぺえ(“船”,来自朝鲜语배)和ちょんが(“未婚[朝鲜]男子”,来自朝鲜语총각)。这些词没被本土化,而且使用者能清楚意识到它们的外语来源。[3][5]:105–106[6]:171–187朝鲜语고구마(甘薯)可能借自对马方言。九州南部称甜薯为こうこういも,越向北移动越靠近朝鲜语形式:中西对马方言こうこも和北对马方言的こごも。[5][6]

参考

  1. ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (编). Tsushima-ben. Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. 2016. 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 奥村三雄. 対馬方言の史的考察. 方言国語史研究. 1990 (日语). 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 堀井令以知. 対馬方言の語彙. 地域社会の言語文化. 1988 [1956] (日语). 
  4. ^ 小倉進平. 國語特に對馬方言に及ぼした朝鮮語彙の影響. 方言. 1921, 2 (7) (日语). 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 泉井久之助. 對馬方言の語彙. 九學會連合對馬共同調査委員會 (编). 對馬の自然と文化. 1954 (日语). 
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 堀井令以知. 対馬方言1950年の調査研究 (PDF). 関西外国語大学研究論集. 2001, (73) (日语). [失效連結]

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