太極是中國思想史上的重要概念,主要繼承自《周易》:「易有太極,是生兩儀。兩儀生四象,四象生八卦。」
長江中游的屈家嶺文化彩陶紡輪之中有了原始的圖式,其中沒有陰陽魚。石家河文化发现了时代最早的史前太极纹饰。[1]
與八卦有關,成書於東周末年的《易·繫辭傳》記載有「古者包犧氏之王天下也,仰則觀象於天,俯則觀法於地,觀鳥獸之文,與地之宜,近取諸身,遠取諸物,於是始作八卦,以通神明之德,以類萬物之情。」,原與天文氣象及地區遠近方向相關[來源請求],後來被宋代的理學家以哲理方式進一步闡釋。
太極一般是指宇宙最原始的秩序狀態,出現於阴阳未分的混沌時期(無極)之後,而後形成万物(宇宙)的本源——混天太極。
太極的概念,比較早使用的,有莊子和《易傳》,一般在宇宙論、方法論上,用的太極概念,主要繼承自《易傳》: 「易有太極,是生兩儀。兩儀生四象,四象生八卦。」意思易成卦的過程,先是有太極,尚未開始分開蓍草(易占卜用蓍草做工具),分蓍占後,便形成陰陽二爻,稱做兩儀。二爻相加,有四種可能的形象,稱為四象。由它們各加一爻,便成八卦。這裡講的是八卦畫出的過程。
在中國的典籍中,易素來是作為窮盡天地奧秘的哲理書,對成卦過程的分析,根本說來,也是對天地開闢的概述。太極生兩儀,便是由太極的分化形成天地的過程,兩儀,即是天地。
太極的概念經常與易學一起出現。道教的易學有自己的獨特體系,太極的概念是道教易學的宇宙論、宗教修養理論和法術理論的重要基本概念 。
繫辭傳說:「易有「太極」,是生「兩儀」,兩儀生「四象」,四象生八卦。」
至宋代之後,道教思想家為了區別先天的氣與後天的氣,採用古字「炁」來代表先天的氣,代表無極,氣則被當成是後天的氣,為太極。這兩個字的意義又被分開。但是除了道教文獻之外,通常都以氣來概括。
繫辭傳說:「一陰一陽之謂道」、「天之道,曰陰與陽也」,並引用孔子的話:「形而上者謂之道,形而下者謂之器」,所以說儒家認同:「道者,陰陽變化之理也。」道,即宇宙運行,自然變化的法則。也就是:
有太極的思想:「形兵之極,至於無形」
「太極陰陽圖」(又稱「太極兩儀圖」)常被錯認為「太極圖」。「太極」是由無極而來,是陰陽兩分前之混沌狀態,沒有陰陽分明的「陰陽魚」,只有外面之圓圈,內部有一群小點;然後是陰陽分明的「兩儀」(一般所說之『太極圖』);再來是陰陽中有陰陽是「皇極」[2][3]。
太極圖據說是宋朝处士陳摶所傳出,原叫《無極圖》。陳摶是五代至宋初的一位隐士,相傳對內丹術和易學都有很深造詣。據史書記載,陳摶曾將《先天圖》傳給其學生种放,种放以之分別傳穆修等人;种放又有傳《河圖》、《洛書》給李溉等人。後來穆修則傳〈太極圖〉傳給周敦頤[4]。周敦頤寫了《太極圖說》加以解釋[5]。据说現在我們看到的太極圖, 就是周敦頤所傳的[6]。
《太極圖》,和原圖《無極圖》的圖形一樣,但讀法不同。
涵括內丹修煉之理的“無極圖”。讀它的順序是從下而上。 最下一圈稱為玄牝之門,是內丹修煉的起點,指人身的下丹田命門兩腎空隙之處。這是人身祖氣所在之地,一切內丹根基,都從這裡開始。內丹術語,又稱為得竅。
第二圈稱煉氣化神,指提起第一圈的祖氣,進行化煉,將後天之精化為先天之氣,再將先天之氣化為先天之神。這一層功夫 ,叫做煉己,主要在煉去後天的陰質,透出先天之神。
第三層,是五行之氣混合之象,指肝(木)、心(火)、脾(土)、肺(金)、腎(水)五臟之氣攢簇為一,稱為五氣朝元,五氣調和,故又稱為和合。更上一層,係由坎離 二卦變形而成,叫做取坎填離。到這一境界,已經獲得體內的精華,煉丹之藥成熟,叫做得藥。坎卦中爻為陽,為實。離卦中爻為陰爻,為虛。它們代表內丹中的腎水與心火,水火相交,在卦象言,就是將坎卦中的陽爻抽出填入,成乾卦,意味人變成純陽之體。最上一層圓圈,稱煉神還虛,復歸無極,指在得藥的基礎上,進一步回返到無極 ,那便是虛空大道了。整個煉內丹的過程便告完成,脫出煉成的聖胎,成為仙人,所以叫做脫胎求仙。
至於太極圖,是從上往下讀的。道教認為,從大道化萬物的順序看,是從太極分陰陽開始的,煉內丹則是逆著來路返回到大道,與道同體,自然長生不死成神仙。所以順化逆化方向相反,但所沿著的路徑則是同一條 。
周敦頤寫下《太極圖說》,解釋太極的奧秘。前半段基本上符合道教的思想。後半段比較多地講了儒家的仁義道德思想。 他的解釋,第一句是「自無極而太極」,意思是從無極生出太極,但南宋著名的理學家朱熹整理注解《太極圖說》時,刪去了「自」字,改成「無極而太極」,認為無極只是形容太極 ,說明它之上沒有更高的本原。這並不符合陳摶所傳《太極圖》的原意,而且抹去了它出自道教的事實。同時,朱熹對圖也有個別改動。
道教界人士,從宋以後也認同周敦頤的觀點。比如南宋時的蕭應叟就將之採入自己的重要著作《元始無量上品妙經內義》,以後四十三代天師張宇初也都採納其圖與說。
太極圖有另一種更加簡捷的畫法:就是用一個以曲線分隔的圓圈表示。
在這一圖中,一條曲線將它分為兩半,形成一半白一半黑,白者像陽,黑者像陰,白中又有一個黑點,黑中又有一個白點,表示陽中有陰,陰中有陽。分開的兩半,酷似兩條魚,所以俗稱陰陽魚。這一圖,與周敦頤太極圖有密切關係,可以說是前者的更加簡明的表述。它說明了世界由陰陽二氣、二元對立相互聯結的統一體。這一圖,過其圓心作任何一條直線將之分成兩半,任何一半中都包含陰陽兩個因素,絕不存在孤立的沒有內在矛盾的成份。有時人們又在其外面圍以先天六十四卦,表示太極是一切運動的發動者。
太極記號如下:
太極符號(☯)的Unicode編碼是U+262F(十六進位),在網頁HTML當中可以寫成☯或&9775;,名称是YIN YANG。
☯
&9775;
藏文的Unicode编码中也收录了太极符号(࿊),其编码是U+0FCA(十六進位),在網頁HTML當中可以寫成࿊或&4042;,名称是TIBETAN SYMBOL NOR BU NYIS -KHYIL。
࿊
&4042;
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