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多立克柱式

帕德嫩神廟的的多立克柱式設計: 三角槽排檔英语Triglyph標記為「a」、排档间饰標記為「b」、 圆锥饰英语Gutta標記為「c」、 拱腹上的穆勒標記為「d」。
帕埃斯图姆的兩座古多立克式希臘神廟,其柱身比後來還要更寬。
巴黎馬扎然圖書館的四個多立克柱式。

多立克柱式,又名多利亞柱式陶立克柱式(英語:Doric Order),是古典建筑的三种柱式中出现最早的一种(公元前7世纪),另外2种柱式是爱奥尼柱式科林斯柱式,它们都源于古希腊。多立克柱式的早期实例如意大利南部帕埃斯图姆的庙宇,著名的雅典卫城帕提农神庙即采用多立克柱式。

特徵

多立克柱是古希臘和後來的古羅馬建築的三種柱式之一。多立克柱式起源於希臘西部的多立克地區,本質上是最簡單的柱子,並在上面的柱子設有複雜的細節。

希臘多立克柱具有凹槽英语Fluting_(architecture)或表面光滑的特徵,其特徵是柱身較為粗大、凝重、雄壯,並且並未設有底座,一般都建在神廟或建築物所在的柱座或平台上。通常柱式是由一個簡單的圓形構成,偶爾柱身會被雕成20條槽紋,柱下部約占全柱三分之一的槽紋較淺。此外早期版本的多立克柱較寬,後來則更加內斂。


通常多立克柱的上層接攘普通的楣梁,複雜性的裝飾元素則來自於额枋,最初多立克人曾設計獨有的兩個特徵作為裝飾,即包括三角槽排檔英语Triglyph古塔,是對過去木結構的樑和固定釘所塑造的擬態元素,並純粹具有觀賞性的功能。在羅馬和文藝復興時期時,多立克柱則派生成細節更為簡約樸素的托斯卡納柱式。從18世紀開始,多立克柱式在希臘復興式建築中得到了廣泛的應用。

古代建築師和建築歷史學家维特鲁威曾將多立克柱式的特徵與男性比例聯繫起來。

多立克柱的特徵

多立克柱的特徵:
  1. 三角楣饰龕楣
  2. 建築裝飾座英语Acroterion
  3. 簷口
  4. 水平簷口
  5. 穆勒
  6. 檐楣英语Geison
  7. 飾帶
  8. 三角槽排檔英语Triglyph
  9. 排档间饰
  10. 標尺
  11. 圆锥饰英语Gutta
  12. 髮帶
  13. 额枋
  14. 柱头
  15. 頂板
  16. 脊柱
  17. 凹槽英语Fluting_(architecture)
  18. 柱座
  19. 抹灰

Éléments de l'ordre dorique

示例

古希臘,古代
古希臘、古典
文藝復興和巴洛克
新古典主義和希臘復興
美國

圖片

參考資料

  1. ^ Fullerton, Mark D. Art & Archaeology of The Roman World. Thames & Hudson. 2020: 87. ISBN 978-0-500-051931 (英语). 
來源
  • Labeled Doric Column
  • Summerson, John, The Classical Language of Architecture, 1980 edition, Thames and Hudson World of Art series, ISBN 0500201773
  • James Stevens Curl, Classical Architecture: An Introduction to Its Vocabulary and Essentials, with a Select Glossary of Terms
  • Georges Gromort, The Elements of Classical Architecture
  • Alexander Tzonis, Classical Architecture: The Poetics of Order (Alexander Tzonis website页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆))

外部链接

维基共享资源上的相關多媒體資源:多立克柱式

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