有文献的原始诺斯语与无文献的原始日耳曼语的差距很小。传统上将原始诺斯语从西北日耳曼语中分离出来,因为其余日耳曼语区(德国北部与荷兰)缺乏文献,无法进行充分的比较。斯堪的纳维亚铭文被认为是原始诺斯语。有人对此持不同意见。Wolfgang von Krause认为,原始诺斯语时的如尼铭文用语是古诺斯语的直系祖先,但Elmer Antonsen则认为它们属于西北日耳曼语。[11]
^Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (编). Older Runic. Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. 2016.
^Elstad, Kåre, 1980: Some Remarks on Scandinavian Tonogenesis. I: Nordlyd: Tromsø University Working Papers on Language and Linguistics 3. 61–77.
^Öhman, Sven. Word and sentence intonation : a quantitative model. Speech Transmission Laboratory, Dept. of Speech Communication, Royal Institute of Technology. 1967. OCLC 825888933.
^Theil, Rolf. Urnordiske lån i samisk. Askedal, John Ole; Schmidt, Tom; Theil, Rolf (编). Germansk filologi og norske ord. Festskrift til Harald Bjorvand på 70-årsdagen den 30. juli 2012. Oslo: Novus forlag. 2012 [2017-06-09]. (原始内容存档于2021-08-18) (挪威语).
^Aikio, Ante. Grünthal, Riho; Kallio, Petri , 编. An Essay on Saami Ethnolinguistic Prehistory(PDF). Mémoires de la Société Finno-Ougrienne (Helsinki: Finno-Ugrian Society). 2012, (266, A Linguistic Map of Prehistoric Northern Europe): 76 [2017-06-09]. (原始内容存档(PDF)于2020-10-31).
^Düwel, Klaus; Nowak, Sean. Runeninschriften als Quellen interdisziplinärer Forschung : Abhandlungen des Vierten Internationalen Symposiums über Runen und Runeninschriften in Göttingen; Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on Runes and Runic Inscriptions in Göttingen, 4–9 August 1995. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. 1998. ISBN 3-11-015455-2. OCLC 40365383.