加魯達航空152號班機空難

嘉魯達印尼航空152號班機空難
涉事的PK-GAI客機,1988年攝於丹帕沙伍拉·賴國際機場
事件概要
日期1997年9月26日
摘要可控飛行撞地、溝通不良
地點 印度尼西亞棉蘭
03°15′53″N 098°40′48″E / 3.26472°N 98.68000°E / 3.26472; 98.68000
飞机概要
机型空中巴士A300B4-220
營運者嘉魯達印尼航空
註冊編號PK-GAI
起飛地 印度尼西亞蘇加諾-哈達國際機場
目的地 印度尼西亞棉蘭國際機場
乘客222
機組人員12
死亡234
受傷0
生還者0

嘉魯達印尼航空152號班機嘉魯達印尼航空一條由雅加達前往棉蘭的國內航班。1997年9月26日,一架空中巴士A300型客機(機身編號PK-GAI)執行此航班時,於離棉蘭機場30公里、海拔915米高的山上墜毀,全機234人死亡。[1]這是印尼史上單一飛機最嚴重空難,亦是1997年死亡人數最高的空難。

乘客國籍

國籍 乘員數 組員數 總計
 印度尼西亞 198 12 210
 日本 6 0 6
 德国 4 0 4
 中華民國 3 0 3
 加拿大 2 0 2
 美国 2 0 2
 英国 2 0 2
 法國 1 0 1
 義大利 1 0 1
 马来西亚 1 0 1
 荷蘭 1 0 1
 澳大利亞 1 0 1
 比利时 1 0 1
Total 222 12 234

機上知名的乘客

新加坡金鷹集團的執行長陳江海(Polar Yanto Tanoto) 也在此次空難中罹難。

事故

1997年9月26日,印尼鷹航152號航班從印度尼西亞雅加達出發,飛往棉蘭。從起飛到下降再到著陸都沒有問題。棉蘭管制員允許航班進入棉蘭波洛尼亞機場的05號跑道。在棉蘭,野火產生的煙霧一段時間以來削弱了能見度,因此飛行員要求管制員引導他。152航班降落至3,000英尺(910米),直到指示其左转飞航向240為止;在13:28,它繼續左转飞航向215,並指示2,000英尺(610米)下降。在13:30,管制員指示航班右转飞航向040。但是,在13:34時,152航班墜毀於棉蘭波洛尼亞機場以南32公里處,海拔1,500英尺(460米)的森林地區,右翼降下。機上234人全數死亡,包含三名台灣籍乘客。

截至2020年9月,這起事故仍然是印度尼西亞最致命的航空事故。

原因

印尼國家運輸安全委員會(NTSC)的事後調查報告中指出,直接造成飛機墜毀的原因有三個:

  1. 在該航班即將進入五邊時,機長並未依照塔台的指示右轉航向046,而是左轉了。
  2. 機長並未依塔台指示維持在2000呎(610公尺)高度,於是撞上了海拔高度1550呎(472公尺)高的雨林山坡。另外,由於當時正發生山林大火,煙霧籠罩出事地點附近,亦增加機組員降落時的壓力。棉蘭機場的雷達設備亦不先進,更新的速度非常緩慢(12秒),以致於塔台無法即時掌握航班的動向。
  3. GPWS存在缺陷,系統在某些特定山區下降時,不會發出警報。[2]

152號班機最後對話

粗体 是通信对话。斜体 是由当地语言对话翻译成的英文。

  • 13:29:41:ATC(棉兰):Indonesia 152 traffic clear. Descend to 2,000 feet.(印尼鹰航152,无影响。下降到2000英尺。)
  • 13:29:44:GA152(副驾驶):Descend to 2,000 feet. Indonesia 152.(下降到2000英尺。印尼鹰航152)
  • 13:30:04:ATC(棉兰):Indonesia 152 turn right heading 046. report established localizer.(印尼鹰航152,右转飞航向046,建立航向道报)
  • 13:30:08:GA152(副驾驶):Turn right heading 040 [sic]. Indonesia 152 check established.(印尼鹰航152,建立航向道报)
  • 13:30:13:GA152(機长):Flaps 8.(襟翼8)
  • 13:30:14:GA152(副驾驶):Speed check... flaps 8.(检查速度...襟翼8)
  • 13:30:20:GA152(機长):It's hot - yes? The cockpit is hot... Please have a look... The cockpit is hot!(很热,是吧?驾驶舱很热。请检查一下...驾驶舱很热!)

(这时机长在 左转。副驾驶设定完空调后发现飞机正在左转。)

  • 13:30:33:GA152(副驾驶):Turn... turn right!(是、是右转!)
  • 13:30:35:GA152(機长):Indonesia 152 confirm turning left or turning right heading 046?(印尼鹰航152。证实一下左转还是右转飞航向046。)
  • 13:30:39:ATC(棉兰):Turning right sir.左转,先生)
  • 13:30:40:GA152(副驾驶)(機长):Sorry Capt.(对不起,机长)
  • 13:30:41:GA152(機长):Roger 152. (收到,152)
  • 13:30:43:GA152(副驾驶):Sorry Capt.(对不起,机长)
  • 13:30:44:GA152(副驾驶):It's already cold.(已经设定为制冷。)

(GA152虽然在往右转修正,但是棉兰空管通过雷达发现他们一直在左转)

  • 13:30:51:ATC(棉兰):152 confirm you are making turning left now?(152,证实一下你们现在是否正在左转?)
  • 13:30:56:GA152(機长):We are... turning right now.(我们...正在右转)
  • 13:31:05:ATC(棉兰):152... OK. continue left turn now.(152,好的。现在继续左转。)
  • 13:31:09:GA152(機长):Confirm turning left? We are starting turning right now.(证实是否左转?我们正开始右转!)
  • 13:31:13:ATC(棉兰); Aduh! OK,OK.(哎呀!好的,好的。)
  • 13:31:13:GA152(副驾驶):Just turn right Capt.(右转就行,机长。)

(在这样的混乱中,副驾驶发现高度已经下降到近1500英尺)

  • 13:31:27:GA152(副驾驶):Err...descend!(啊啊,正在下降!)
  • 13:31:29:GA152(機长): Eh...? Maaf...(欸,抱歉)
  • 13:31:31:ATC(棉兰):Indonesia 152 continue turn right heading 015.(印尼鹰航152,继续右转飞航向015.)
  • 13:31:32:(飞机接触树木的声音)
  • 13:31:33:(警告声"PULL UP PULL UP" 和两名飞行员的喊声)
  • 13:31:34-13:31:36:(两名飞行员的喊声)
  • 13:31:37:(CVR录音结束)

參見

類似事故

其他

参考资料

  1. ^ Accident Photo: Garuda Indonesia 152 - Airbus A300 PK-GAI. AirDisaster.Com. 1997-09-26 [2014-01-13]. (原始内容存档于2014-05-15). 
  2. ^ National Transportation Safety Committee Final Report Garuda Indonesia Flight GA 152 Airbus A300-B4 PK-GAI Buahnabar, Sumatera Utara, Indonesia 26 SEPTEMBER 1997 (PDF). knkt.dephub.go.id. National Transportation Safety Committee. 2004 [2019-05-01]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2018-09-20). 

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