ㄚ

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注音符號
灰底不用於國語官方注音；每格次行爲萬國音標
聲母
發音
方式		 塞音 擦音
全清 次清 全濁 次濁 清 濁
重脣 ㄅ
/p/		 ㄆ
/pʰ/		 ㆠ
/b/		 ㄇ
/m/
/β/
輕脣 ㄈ
/f/		 ㄪ
/v/
舌尖 ㄉ
/t/		 ㄊ
/tʰ/
/d/		 ㄋ
/n/		 ㆹ
/ɫ˭~ɫʰ/		 ㄌ
/l/
軟齶 ㄍ
/k/		 ㄎ
/kʰ/		 ㆣ
/ɡ/		 ㄫ
/ŋ/		 ㄏ
/x/		 ㆸ
/ɣ/
脣軟齶 ㆼ
/kʷ/		 ㆽ
/kʷʰ/
喉
/ʔ/		 ㄏ
/h/
/ɦ/
舌冠 ㄐ
/tɕ/		 ㄑ
/tɕʰ/		 ㆢ
/dʑ/		 ㄬ
/ɲ~ȵ/		 ㄒ
/ɕ/		 、ㆺ
/ʑ/
翹舌 ㄓ
/tʂ/		 ㄔ
/tʂʰ/
/dʐ/		 ㄕ
/ʂ/		 ㄖ
/ɻ~ʐ/
平舌 ㄗ
/ts/		 ㄘ
/tsʰ/		 ㆡ
/dz/		 ㄙ
/s/
/z/
介母、高元音
部位 前 中 後
普通 ㄧ
/i~j/		 ㄩ
/y~ɥ/		 ㆨ
/ɨ/		 ㄭ
/ɯ/		 ㄨ
/u~w/
鼻化 ㆪ
/ĩ/		 ㆫ
/ũ/
韻母
單韻 ㄚ
/a/		 ㆩ
/ã/		 ㆿ
/ɐ/
ㄛ
/o/		 ㆦ
/ɔ/		 ㆧ
/ɔ̃/		 ㄜ
ㄝ ㆤ ㆥ ㆾ
複韻 ㄞ
/ai/		 ㆮ ㄟ
/ei/		 ㄠ
/au/		 ㆯ ㄡ
/ou/
鼻韻 ㆬ
/m̩/		 ㆰ
/am/		 ㆱ
/ɔm/
ㄯ
/n̩/		 ㄢ
/an/
/ɔn/		 ㄣ
ㆭ
/ŋ̩/		 ㄤ
/aŋ/		 ㆲ
/ɔŋ/		 ㄥ
韻尾 ㆴ
/p̚/		 ㆵ
/t̚/		 ㆻ
/k̚/		 ㆷ
/ʔ̚/
其他 ㄦ
聲調
官話 ˉ ˊ ˇ ˋ ˙
客閩 ˪ ˫

ㄚ（）是注音符號中的韻母元音之一，字形取自「丫」字，發音則取官話「丫」字的韻母。

「ㄚ」的發音為開前不圓唇元音/a/，但部分漢學家認為是開央不圓唇元音；由於國際音標沒有開央不圓唇元音的專屬符號，只有表示較開前不圓唇元音/a/發音後面的/ä/，因此漢學家另自行發明/ᴀ/（縮小的大寫A）作為發音符號，但沒有獲國際語音學學會接受。在方音符號中表示臺灣話的「ㄧㄚ」接齒齦入聲時（即「ㄧㄚㆵ」〔iat〕），此「ㄚ」會音變為/ɛ/甚至/e/，此與「ㄢ」前接「ㄧ」或「ㄩ」的音變規則相同。

在絕大多數的拼音方案中，「ㄚ」都對應為〔a〕。但在粵拼裏，「ㄚ」拼寫作〔aa〕。粵拼裏的單個〔a〕用來拼寫次開央不圓唇元音「ㆿ」。

在注音字母苗文中，「ㄚ」用作開後不圓唇元音/ɑ/，仍拼寫作〔a〕。在馬祖話裏，於第一、二、五、八調發音爲/a/，於第三、四、七調發音爲/ɑ/，因無音位對立，視作同一音位，統一標記作「ㄚ」〔a〕。

相關變體

在注音符號的擴充版本閏音符號和方音注音符號中，有一些符號表示與「ㄚ」發音位置有點相近的音。首先是「ㆿ」（），它表示的是次開央不圓唇元音/ɐ/，粵拼寫作〔a〕。在粵語裏，「ㄚ」與「ㆿ」對立是一個關鍵點。見ㆿ條目。

其次，閏音符號裏的「」發音也與「ㄚ」相近，它表示的音也是開前不圓唇元音/a/，但只在與「ㄚ」有分別時才使用，這時候「ㄚ」只指開央不圓唇元音/ᴀ/。若只有一種「ㄚ」類音，無論偏前偏後，都只用「ㄚ」。方音注音符號裏不設此符。詳細說明見ㆿ條目。

另外，在閏音符號中，增加了「ㄚ」的鼻化音，寫作「」，寫法爲「」上方添加「～」號。方音注音符號改爲在「ㄚ」的右旁加兩點「」。而臺灣方音符號則寫作「ㆩ」（），寫法為「」的最末筆收個圓並突出。它的發音為鼻化閉前不圓唇元音/ã/，在臺羅拼音中寫為〔ann〕。臺灣方音符號規定，若是前接的聲母本身就是鼻音聲母（ㄇ、ㄋ、ㄫ及ㄬ），則所有鼻化韻母都直接寫成非鼻化版本，對應的臺羅拼音也是如此；例如「爛」的臺灣話白讀音為/nũã˧/，後面的「ㄨ」、「ㄚ」都是鼻化母音，但是因為前面的「ㄋ」為鼻音聲母，所以「爛」的臺灣話注音寫為「ㄋㄨㄚ˫」即可，後面的「ㄨ」跟「ㄚ」不需要寫成鼻音版本，對應的臺羅拼音也是如此，寫為〔nuā〕而非〔nuānn〕。

此外，還有「ㄚ」和「ㄇ」合併的韻母。閏音符號裏寫作「」，臺灣方音符號則改作「ㆰ」（），發音為（/am/）〔am〕，取代了原本「ㄚ」這種寫兩個字卻只有一個音節的寫法，有助讓一些漢語的韻母維持在一個注音符號內。但像粵語本身韻母尾音豐富的系統，若不添加大量符號就無法維持一韻一符，以致本身已經常使用雙符號去注寫韻母，則連此符號都不必使用，粵語的方音注音符號把/am/〔aam〕標記作「ㄚㄇ」。

編碼與拼音

字元 圖檔 編碼 國際音標 漢語拼音 威妥瑪拼音 臺羅拼音 通用拼音 粵拼 馬拼 拉丁苗文
Unicode Big5 GB 2312
ㄚ U+311A A3A8 A8DA a / ᴀ a a a a aa a
ɑ a a
未收錄 未收錄 未收錄 ã na ann aⁿ
ㄚ: 未收錄 未收錄 未收錄
ㆩ U+31A9 未收錄 未收錄
未收錄 未收錄 未收錄 am am am am aam
ㆰ U+31B0 未收錄 未收錄

參考資料

  • 國語統一籌備委員會：《注音符號總表》，北平：國語統一籌備委員會，1932年4月。
  • 廣東省人民政府文敎廳：《廣州音農民速成識字課本》，廣州：華南人民出版社，1952年8月。
  • 廣東省人民政府文敎廳：《廣州音職工速成識字課本》，廣州：華南人民出版社，1952年11月。
  • 中國文字改革硏究委員會祕書處拼音方案工作組：《全國主要方言區方音對照表》，北京：中華書局，1954年12月。
  • 吳守禮：《國臺對照活用辭典》，臺北：遠流，2000年8月。
  • 教育部國語推行委員會：《國語注音符號手冊》，臺北：教育部，2000年11月。
  • 中華民國連江縣政府：《馬祖閩東（福州）話日常生活常用詞彙編輯說明 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）》，連江：連江縣政府，2009年11月。

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