Nükleer karşıtı protestolar

The airburst nuclear explosion of July 1, 1946. Photo taken from a tower on Bikini Island, 3.5 miles (5.6 km) away.
Crossroads Harekâtı'nda 1 Temmuz 1946 tarihinde nükleer silah kullanıldı. Kullanılan bu bomba iki ayrı kritik kazaya yol açtı.
Fransa'ya bağlı Colmar'da nükleer karşıtı bir gösteri, 3 Ekim 2009.

Nükleer karşıtı protestolar veya anti-nükleer protestolar askeri alanda nükleer teknolojinin kullanılmasına karşı gerçekleştirilen protesto gösterileridir. Amerika Birleşik Devletleri ile Sovyetler Birliği önderliğindeki kutuplar arasında süren Soğuk Savaş'taki nükleer savaş durumu bu protestoların oluşmasına ana etken olmuştur.

Tarihçe

İlk nükleer karşıtı protesto 1946 yılında Crossroads Harekâtı sonrası gerçekleşti.[1] Büyük ölçekli protestolar ise ilk olarak 1950'lerin ortalarında Japonya'da Mart 1954'teki Şanlı Dragon Kazası sonraso ortaya çıktı. Ağustos 1955'te, Japonya ve diğer ülkelerden yaklaşık 3000 katılımcıya sahip olan Atomik ve Hidrojen Bombalarına Karşı Dünya Konferansı'nın ilk toplantısını yapıldı.[2] Protests began in Britain in the late 1950s and early 1960s.[3] Protestolar, 1950'lerin sonlarında ve 1960'ların başında İngiltere'de devam etti.[3] Birleşik Krallık'ta, Nükleer Silahsızlanma Kampanyası tarafından düzenlenen ilk Aldermaston Yürüyüşü, 1958'de gerçekleşti.[4][5] 1961'de, Soğuk Savaş'ın zirve yıllarında, Barış İçin Kadınlar Grevi çatısı altında bir araya gelen yaklaşık 50.000 kadın, ABD'nin 60 şehirde nükleer silahlara karşı gösteri yapmak için yürüdü.[6][7] 1964'te Avustralya şehirlerine “Bombayı Yasakla” pankartları bırakıldı.[8][9]

Nükleer enerji 1970'lerde büyük bir halk protestosu haline geldi[10] Fransa ve Batı Almanya'daki gösteriler 1971'de başladı. Fransa'da 1975-1977 arasında, on gösteride nükleer enerjiye karşı 175.000 kişi protesto etti.[11] Batı Almanya'da, 1975-19 Nisan 1979 arasında, nükleer bölgelerdeki yedi gösteriye yaklaşık 280.000 kişi katıldı.[11] 1979'da Three Mile adası kazasının ardından Eylül 1979'da New York'taki protestonun ardından düzenlenen çok sayıdaki kitle gösterileri iki yüz binden fazla kişiyi içeriyordu. Ekim 1979'da Bonn'da yaklaşık 120.000 kişi nükleer enerjiye karşı gösteri yaptı.[11] Mayıs 1986'da Çernobil reaktör kazasının ardından, İtalya nükleer programına karşı protesto etmek için Roma'da yaklaşık 150.000 ila 200.000 arasında kişi yürüdü[12] ve nükleer karşıtı protestocular ve polis arasındaki çatışmalar Batı Almanya'da yaygınlaştı.

Kaynakça

  1. ^ Radio Bikini. DVD. Directed by Stone, Robert. Produced by Robert Stone Productions. 1988; New Video Group, 2003. www.imdb.com/title/tt0093817/
  2. ^ Trumbull, Robert. "Hiroshima Rally Splits on the U. S.: Leftist Meeting Cheers and Jeers as O. K. Armstrong Defends American Way." The New York Times. [New York, N.Y] 07 Aug 1955: 4.
  3. ^ a b David Cortright (2008). Peace: A History of Movements and Ideas, Cambridge University Press, pp. 134–135.
  4. ^ "A brief history of CND". Cnduk.org. 9 Temmuz 2011 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 24 Ocak 2014. 
  5. ^ "Early defections in march to Aldermaston". Guardian Unlimited. 5 Nisan 1958. 12 Nisan 2013 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. 
  6. ^ Woo, Elaine (30 Ocak 2011). "Dagmar Wilson dies at 94; organizer of women's disarmament protesters". Los Angeles Times. 29 Aralık 2013 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 21 Ekim 2018. 
  7. ^ Hevesi, Dennis (23 Ocak 2011). "Dagmar Wilson, Anti-Nuclear Leader, Dies at 94". The New York Times. 8 Mart 2017 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 21 Ekim 2018. 
  8. ^ Women with Ban the Bomb banner during Peace march on Sunday April 5th 1964, Brisbane, Australia 6 Temmuz 2011 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi.. Retrieved 8 February 2010.
  9. ^ Girl with placard Ban nuclear tests during Peace march on Sunday April 5th 1964, Brisbane, Australia 6 Temmuz 2011 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi.. Retrieved 8 February 2010.
  10. ^ Jim Falk (1982). Global Fission: The Battle Over Nuclear Power, Oxford University Press, pp. 95–96.
  11. ^ a b c Herbert P. Kitschelt. Political Opportunity and Political Protest: Anti-Nuclear Movements in Four Democracies 21 Ağustos 2010 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi. British Journal of Political Science, Vol. 16, No. 1, 1986, p. 71.
  12. ^ Marco Giugni (2004). Social Protest and Policy Change: Ecology, Antinuclear, and Peace Movements in Comparative Perspective. Rowman & Littlefield. s. 55. ISBN 978-0-7425-1827-8. 24 Aralık 2023 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 21 Ekim 2018. 

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