Kruşçev çözülmesi

Kruşçev ve Stalin, 1936.

Kruşçev çözülmesi (Rusça: хрущёвская о́ттепель; khrushchovskaya ottepel veya kısaca ottepel[1]) Sovyetler Birliği'nin 1950'lerin sonu ve 1960'ların başındaki Nikita Kruşçev dönemi için kullanılan terim. Sovyetler Birliği'ndeki siyasi baskıların ve sansürün görece azaldığı, destalinizasyon süreci ile birlikte Gulag kamplarındaki çok sayıda siyasi mahkûmun tahliye edildiği ve diğer uluslarla barış içinde bir arada yaşama politikalarının benimsendiği dönemi ifade eder.[2]

Dönemin başlangıcı Mart 1953'te Joseph Stalin'in ölümünden sonra mümkün oldu. Parti Genel Sekreteri Kruşçev, Komünist Parti'nin 20. Kongresi'ndeki Gizli Söylev'de eski Genel Sekreter Stalin'i açıkça kınadı.[3][4] Ardından Kremlin'deki iktidar mücadelesinde Stalin yanlılarını yönetimden uzaklaştırdı. Terim İlya Ehrenburg'un 1954 yılında yazdığı Çözülme (Оттепель) adlı eserinden gelmektedir.[5]

Çözülme süreci Sovyetler Birliği ve Doğu Bloku ülkelerinde bazı ekonomik reformlara, uluslararası ticarete, eğitim ve kültür alanlarında temaslara, festivallere, yabancı yazarların kitaplarına erişime, yabancı filmlere, sanat gösterilerine, Batı'nın popüler müziklerine, danslara ve yeni modalara daha rahat erişimi sağladı. Bu süreçte Kruşçev yanlıları ile Stalin yanlıları arasındaki iktidar mücadelesi hiçbir zaman bitmedi.[6][7][8]

Kaynakça

  1. ^ William Taubman, Khrushchev: The Man and His Era, London: Free Press, 2004
  2. ^ "Joseph Stalin killer file". 3 Ağustos 2013 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 23 Şubat 2019. 
  3. ^ Tompson, William J. Khrushchev: A Political Life. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1995
  4. ^ Rettie, John. "How Khrushchev Leaked his Secret Speech to the World", Hist Workshop J. 2006; 62: 187–193.
  5. ^ Ilya Ehrenburg (1954). "Оттепель" [The Thaw (text in original Russian)]. lib.ru (Rusça). 17 Haziran 2018 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 10 Ekim 2004. 
  6. ^ Stites, Richard (1992). Russian Popular Culture: Entertainment and Society Since 1900. Cambridge University Press. ss. 123-53. ISBN 052136986X. 4 Şubat 2016 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 27 Haziran 2015. 
  7. ^ Sergei Khrushchev, Nikita Khrushchev and the Creation of a Superpower, Penn State Press, 2000.
  8. ^ Schecter, Jerrold L, ed. and trans., Khrushchev Remembers: The Glasnost Tapes, Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1990

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