Karşılıkçılık

Karşılıkçılık veya mutualizm, herkes serbest piyasada emeğine eşdeğer oranda, bireysel veya topluca üretim araçlarına sahip olabilir düşüncesidir. Mutualizm taraftarları kapitalist serbest piyasa karşıtıdır.

Mutualizm, 18. yüzyılda İngiliz ve Fransız işçi hareketleri ile ortaya çıktı ve ardından Fransa'da Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, ABD'de diğer bazı düşünürlerle bağlantılı olarak anarşist görünüm kazandı.[1] Birleşik Devletler'de, örneğin Benjamin Tucker ve William B. Greene gibi bireyci anarşistler üzerinde etkisi görüldü.

Mutualizmin önemli kavramları arasında; federasyon, karşılıklılık, özgür ortaklık, gönüllülüğe dayanan sözleşmeler, kredi ve para reformu bulunur. Birçok mutualistin görüşüne göre hükûmet müdahalesinin olmadığı bir serbest piyasa - emek değer teorisine göre - kar, kira ve faizi kaldırarak, fiyatları emek maliyetlerine çeker ve şirketler için işçilerin rekabeti yerine; firmaların ücretleri arttırarak işçiler için rekabet ettiği bir düzen sağlanır.[2][3]

Mutualizm, kimi zaman bireyci ve kollektivist anarşizm arasında bir yerlerde bir sentez olarak görülür.[4] Bu düşünce mutualistlerin kendi eserlerinde dile getirilmiştir. "Mülkiyet Nedir?" adlı eserinde Proudhon "özgürlük" kavramına eşdeğer olarak komünizm ve mülkiyetin diyalektik sentezi olan "anarşi" kavramını önerir.[5] Pierre-Leroux'tan esinlenen Greene, mutualizmi üç felsefenin sentezinde arar:“komünizm, kapitalizm ve sosyalizm.[6] Sonraki bireyci anarşistler mutualist terimini “sentez” temasına çok az vurgu yaparak kullandılar.

Proudhon'dan önce, Josiah Warren'de başarısız Owencı deneyimin ardından benzer görüşler[7] öne sürmüştür.[8] 1840 ve 1850'lerde, Charles A. Dana [9] ve William B. Greene, Proudhon'un çalışmalarını ABD'de tanıttı. Greene Proudhon'un mutualizm kavramını ABD koşullarında yeniden değerlendirdi ve Benjamin R. Tucker'a bundan bahsetti.[10]

Kaynakça

  1. ^ "A member of a community," The Mutualist; this 1826 series criticized Owen's proposals, and has been attributed to Josiah Warren or another dissident Owenite in the same circles; Wilbur, Shawn, 2006, "More from the 1826 "Mutualist"?"
  2. ^ "Arşivlenmiş kopya". 21 Aralık 2010 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 29 Nisan 2013. 
  3. ^

    Under the mutual system, each individual will receive the just and exact pay for his work; services equivalent in cost being exchangeable for services equivalent in cost, without profit or discount; and so much as the individual laborer will then get over and above what he has earned will come to him as his share in the general prosperity of the community of which he is an individual member.

    "Communism versus Mutualism", Socialistic, Communistic, Mutualistic and Financial Fragments. (Boston: Lee & Shepard, 1875), William Batchelder Greene

  4. ^ Avrich, Paul. Anarchist Voices: An Oral History of Anarchism in America, Princeton University Press 1996 ISBN 0-691-04494-5, p.6
    Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Political Thought, Blackwell Publishing 1991 ISBN 0-631-17944-5, p.11
  5. ^ Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph What is Property? 2 Kasım 2007 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi. (1840), p. 281
  6. ^ Greene, William B. "Communism — Capitalism — Socialism", Equality (1849)[1] 27 Eylül 2007 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi., p. 59.
  7. ^ Warren published the periodical The Peaceful Revolutionist in 1833, seven years before Proudhon's "What is Property."
  8. ^ "While more learned men lost faith in utopias and in human nature when the New Harmony experiment failed, Warren became more trusting than before in man's intelligence and perfectibility." - Native American Anarchism, pg. 94, Eunice Schuster
  9. ^ Dana, Charles A. Proudhon and his "Bank of the People" 13 Şubat 2017 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi. (1848).
  10. ^ Tucker, Benjamin R., "On Picket Duty", Liberty (Not the Daughter but the Mother of Order) (1881-1908); 5 January 1889; 6, 10; APS Online pg. 1

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