Falsafa

Falsafa (kutoka Kigiriki φιλοσοφία filosofia = filo, pendo la sofia, hekima) ni jaribio la kuelewa na kueleza ulimwengu kwa kutumia akili inayofuata hoja za mantiki. Kwa hiyo ili kutengeneza falsafa yako kunahitajika kuwa na hoja za msingi, hoja zilizojaa hoja (akili), kisha kuiweka falsafa yako kwa jamii ili waisome na kuielewa. Wapo watakaokubaliana na wewe kulingana na hoja zako na wapo watakaokupinga kutokana na hoja zako vilevile.

Falsafa huchunguza mambo kama kuweko na kutokuweko, ukweli, ujuzi, uzuri, mema na mabaya, lugha, haki na mengine yoyote.

Tofauti na dini, imani au itikadi, njia ya falsafa ni mantiki inayoeleza hatua zake ikiwa tayari kuchungulia upya kila hatua iliyochukua. Kwa hiyo falsafa ni njia ya kuuliza maswali na kutafuta majibu.

Katika lugha ya kila siku neno "falsafa" mara nyingi linachukuliwa kutaja jumla ya mafundisho au imani ya mtu au kundi la watu, kwa mfano "falsafa ya chama fulani", "falsafa ya maisha yangu" na kadhalika. Lakini kwa jumla fikra hizo hazistahili kuitwa "falsafa". Ila tu kuna makundi ya wanafalsafa wanaopendelea mielekeo tofauti na kuhusu haya inawezekana kutumia neno "falsafa ya fulani" kwa kutaja matokeo ya kazi yao.

Matawi ya falsafa

Falsafa jinsi inavyoendeshwa kwenye vyuo vikuu huwa na matawi kadhaa kama vile:

mantiki kama elimu ya kutafakari na mfululizo wa dhana
maadili ni elimu ya kutenda mema
metafizikia ni elimu ya vyanzo vya kuwepo, uhai na maarifa
epistemolojia ni elimu ya ufahamu na mipaka ya yale tunayoweza kujua

Aina za falsafa

Kuna mbinu nyingi za falsafa zilizoendelea kulingana na mazingira ya utamaduni ambako wanafalsafa waliishi. Mara nyingi falsafa imeendelea karibu na dini, ndani ya dini au kwa mchanganyiko na dini mbalimbali.

Lakini falsafa inachunguza pia matamko ya dini na kuuliza maswali juu ya maana ya matamko haya.

Wanafalsafa muhimu wa Asia walikuwa Konfutse na Lao Tze katika China na Buddha katika Uhindi.

Chanzo cha falsafa katika Ulaya kilitokea katika ustaarabu wa Ugiriki ya Kale. Wanafalsafa wa huko waliweka misingi mingi kwa dunia ya baadaye pamoja na misingi ya sayansi ya sasa. Kati ya majina mashuhuri ni Plato na Aristoteli.

Wanafalsafa

Wanafalsafa wa Ugiriki ya Kale

Wanafalsafa wa mapokeo ya magharibi

Wanafalsafa wa kisasa kutoka Ulaya na Marekani

Wanafalsafa wa Afrika

Wanafalsafa wa Asia

Konfutse (Confucius)
Lao Tze
Siddharta Gautama (Buddha)
Acharya Madhwa (Madhavacharya)
Ibn Sina (Avicenna)
Al-Ghazali
Zhu Xi

Tazama pia

Marejeo

A. Mihanjo, Falsafa na Usanifu wa Hoja, Salvatorianum, Morogoro
A. Mihanjo, Falsafa na Ufunuo wa Maarifa, Salvatorianum, Morogoro

Marejeo mengine

Vyanzo (google books)

Edwards, Paul, mhr. (1967). The Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Macmillan & Free Press. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |editorlink= ignored (|editor-link= suggested) (help)
Kant, Immanuel (1881). Critique of Pure Reason. Macmillan. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Bowker, John (1999). The Oxford Dictionary of World Religions. Oxford University Press, Incorporated. ISBN 978-0-19-866242-6. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Baldwin, Thomas, mhr. (27 Novemba 2003). The Cambridge History of Philosophy 1870–1945. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-59104-1. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
Copenhaver, Brian P.; Schmitt, Charles B. (24 Septemba 1992). Renaissance philosophy. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-219203-5. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
Nadler, Steven (15 Aprili 2008). A Companion to Early Modern Philosophy. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-99883-0. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
Rutherford, Donald (12 Oktoba 2006). The Cambridge Companion to Early Modern Philosophy. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-82242-8. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
Schmitt, C. B.; Skinner, Quentin, whr. (1988). The Cambridge History of Renaissance Philosophy. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-39748-3. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Kenny, Anthony (16 Agosti 2012). A New History of Western Philosophy. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-958988-3. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
Honderich, T., mhr. (1995). The Oxford Companion to Philosophy. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-866132-0. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Bunnin, Nicholas; Tsui-James, Eric, whr. (15 Aprili 2008). The Blackwell Companion to Philosophy. John Wiley & Sons. {{cite book}}: Text "isbn
Schmitt, C. B.; Skinner, Quentin, whr. (1988). The Cambridge History of Renaissance Philosophy. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-39748-3. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Kenny, Anthony (16 Agosti 2012). A New History of Western Philosophy. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-958988-3. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
Honderich, T., mhr. (1995). The Oxford Companion to Philosophy. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-866132-0. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Bunnin, Nicholas; Tsui-James, Eric, whr. (15 Aprili 2008). The Blackwell Companion to Philosophy. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-99787-1. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
Copleston, Frederick Charles (1953). A history of philosophy: volume III: Ockham to Suárez. Paulist Press. ISBN 978-0-8091-0067-5. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Leaman, Oliver; Morewedge, Parviz (2000). "Islamic philosophy modern". Katika Craig, Edward (mhr.). Concise Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Psychology Press. ISBN 0-415-22364-4. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Buccellati, Giorgio (1981-01-01). "Wisdom and Not: The Case of Mesopotamia". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 101 (1): 35–47. doi:10.2307/602163. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)" ignored (help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)

Utangulizi

Blumenau, Ralph. Philosophy and Living. ISBN 978-0-907845-33-1
Craig, Edward. Philosophy: A Very Short Introduction. ISBN 978-0-19-285421-6
Harrison-Barbet, Anthony, Mastering Philosophy. ISBN 978-0-333-69343-8
Russell, Bertrand. The Problems of Philosophy. ISBN 978-0-19-511552-9
Sinclair, Alistair J. What is Philosophy? An Introduction, 2008, ISBN 978-1-903765-94-4
Sober, Elliott. (2001). Core Questions in Philosophy: A Text with Readings. Upper Saddle River, Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-189869-1
Solomon, Robert C. Big Questions: A Short Introduction to Philosophy. ISBN 978-0-534-16708-0
Warburton, Nigel. Philosophy: The Basics. ISBN 978-0-415-14694-4
Nagel, Thomas. What Does It All Mean? A Very Short Introduction to Philosophy. ISBN 978-0-19-505292-3
Classics of Philosophy (Vols. 1, 2, & 3) by Louis P. Pojman
The English Philosophers from Bacon to Mill by Edwin Arthur
European Philosophers from Descartes to Nietzsche by Monroe Beardsley
Cottingham, John. Western Philosophy: An Anthology. 2nd ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub., 2008. Print. Blackwell Philosophy Anthologies.
Tarnas, Richard. The Passion of the Western Mind: Understanding the Ideas That Have Shaped Our World View. ISBN 978-0-345-36809-6

Kwa eneo

Mashariki

A Source Book in Indian Philosophy by Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, Charles A. Moore
Hamilton, Sue. Indian Philosophy: a Very Short Introduction. ISBN 978-0-19-285374-5
Kupperman, Joel J. Classic Asian Philosophy: A Guide to the Essential Texts. ISBN 978-0-19-513335-6
Lee, Joe and Powell, Jim. Eastern Philosophy For Beginners. ISBN 978-0-86316-282-4
Smart, Ninian. World Philosophies. ISBN 978-0-415-22852-7
Copleston, Frederick. Philosophy in Russia: From Herzen to Lenin and Berdyaev. ISBN 978-0-268-01569-5

Afrika

Imbo, Samuel Oluoch. '3'An Introduction to African Philosophy. ISBN 978-0-8476-8841-8

Uislamu

Medieval Islamic Philosophical Writings edited by Muhammad Ali Khalidi
Leaman, Oliver. A Brief Introduction to Islamic Philosophy. ISBN 978-0-7456-1960-6.
Corbin, Henry (23 Juni 2014) [1993]. History Of Islamic Philosophy. Ilitafsiriwa na Sherrard,, Liadain; Sherrard, Philip. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-135-19888-6.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
Aminrazavi, Mehdi Amin Razavi; Nasr, Seyyed Hossein; Nasr, PH.D., Seyyed Hossein (16 Desemba 2013). The Islamic Intellectual Tradition in Persia. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-78105-6.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)

Historia

Oizerman, Teodor (1988). The Main Trends in Philosophy. A Theoretical Analysis of the History of Philosophy (PDF). translated by H. Campbell Creighton, M.A., Oxon (tol. la 2nd). Moscow: Progress Publishers. ISBN 5-01-000506-9. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo (DjVu, etc.) mnamo 2012-03-06. Iliwekwa mnamo 20 Januari 2011 First published in Russian as «Главные философские направления» {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |laydate=, |separator=, |nopp=, |chapterurl=, |trans_chapter=, |laysummary=, |authormask=, na |lastauthoramp= (help); Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) CS1 maint: postscript (link)
Higgins, Kathleen M. and Solomon, Robert C. A Short History of Philosophy. ISBN 978-0-19-510196-6
Durant, Will, Story of Philosophy: The Lives and Opinions of the World's Greatest Philosophers, Pocket, 1991, ISBN 978-0-671-73916-4
Oizerman, Teodor (1973). Problems of the History of Philosophy. translated from Russian by Robert Daglish (tol. la 1st). Moscow: Progress Publishers. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 6 Julai 2011. Iliwekwa mnamo 20 Januari 2011 First published in Russian as «Проблемы историко-философской науки» {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |laydate=, |separator=, |nopp=, |trans_title=, |trans_chapter=, |laysummary=, |chapterurl=, |authormask=, na |lastauthoramp= (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) CS1 maint: postscript (link)

Ya kale

Knight, Kelvin. Aristotelian Philosophy: Ethics and Politics from Aristotle to MacIntyre. ISBN 978-0-7456-1977-4

Karne za kati

The Phenomenology Reader by Dermot Moran, Timothy Mooney
Kim, J. and Ernest Sosa, Ed. (1999). Metaphysics: An Anthology. Blackwell Philosophy Anthologies. Oxford, Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
Husserl, Edmund; Welton, Donn (1999). The Essential Husserl: Basic Writings in Transcendental Phenomenology. Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-21273-1.

Karne za mwishomwisho

Existentialism: Basic Writings (Second Edition) by Charles Guignon, Derk Pereboom
Curley, Edwin, A Spinoza Reader, Princeton, 1994, ISBN 978-0-691-00067-1
Bullock, Alan, R. B. Woodings, and John Cumming, eds. The Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thinkers, in series, Fontana Original[s]. Hammersmith, Eng.: Fontana Press, 1992, cop. 1983. xxv, 867 p. ISBN 978-0-00-636965-3
Scruton, Roger. A Short History of Modern Philosophy. ISBN 978-0-415-26763-2

Ya sasa

Contemporary Analytic Philosophy: Core Readings by James Baillie
Appiah, Kwame Anthony. Thinking it Through – An Introduction to Contemporary Philosophy, 2003, ISBN 978-0-19-513458-2
Critchley, Simon. Continental Philosophy: A Very Short Introduction. ISBN 978-0-19-285359-2

Makala muhimu

Chan, Wing-tsit (1963). A Source Book in Chinese Philosophy. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-01964-9. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Huang, Siu-chi (1999). Essentials of Neo-Confucianism: Eight Major Philosophers of the Song and Ming Periods. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 0-313-26449-X. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Honderich, T., mhr. (1995). The Oxford Companion to Philosophy. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-866132-0.
The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy by Robert Audi
The Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy (10 vols.) edited by Edward Craig, Luciano Floridi (available online by subscription); or
The Concise Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy edited by Edward Craig (an abridgement)
Edwards, Paul, mhr. (1967). The Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Macmillan & Free Press. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |editorlink= ignored (|editor-link= suggested) (help); in 1996, a ninth supplemental volume appeared that updated the classic 1967 encyclopedia.
International Directory of Philosophy and Philosophers. Charlottesville, Philosophy Documentation Center.
Directory of American Philosophers. Charlottesville, Philosophy Documentation Center.
Routledge History of Philosophy (10 vols.) edited by John Marenbon
History of Philosophy (9 vols.) by Frederick Copleston
A History of Western Philosophy (5 vols.) by W. T. Jones
History of Italian Philosophy (2 vols.) by Eugenio Garin. Translated from Italian and Edited by Giorgio Pinton. Introduction by Leon Pompa.
Encyclopaedia of Indian Philosophies (8 vols.), edited by Karl H. Potter et al. (first 6 volumes out of print)
Indian Philosophy (2 vols.) by Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
A History of Indian Philosophy (5 vols.) by Surendranath Dasgupta
History of Chinese Philosophy (2 vols.) by Fung Yu-lan, Derk Bodde
Instructions for Practical Living and Other Neo-Confucian Writings by Wang Yang-ming by Chan, Wing-tsit
Encyclopedia of Chinese Philosophy edited by Antonio S. Cua
Encyclopedia of Eastern Philosophy and Religion by Ingrid Fischer-Schreiber, Franz-Karl Ehrhard, Kurt Friedrichs
Companion Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy by Brian Carr, Indira Mahalingam
A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English by John A. Grimes
History of Islamic Philosophy edited by Seyyed Hossein Nasr, Oliver Leaman
History of Jewish Philosophy edited by Daniel H. Frank, Oliver Leaman
A History of Russian Philosophy: From the Tenth to the Twentieth Centuries by Valerii Aleksandrovich Kuvakin
Ayer, A.J. et al., Ed. (1994) A Dictionary of Philosophical Quotations. Blackwell Reference Oxford. Oxford, Basil Blackwell Ltd.
Blackburn, S., Ed. (1996)The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
Mauter, T., Ed. The Penguin Dictionary of Philosophy. London, Penguin Books.
Runes, D., Ed. (1942). The Dictionary of Philosophy. New York, The Philosophical Library, Inc.
Angeles, P.A., Ed. (1992). The Harper Collins Dictionary of Philosophy. New York, Harper Perennial.
Bunnin, Nicholas; Tsui-James, Eric, whr. (15 Aprili 2008). The Blackwell Companion to Philosophy. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-99787-1.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
Hoffman, Eric, Ed. (1997) Guidebook for Publishing Philosophy. Charlottesville, Philosophy Documentation Center.
Popkin, R.H. (1999). The Columbia History of Western Philosophy. New York, Columbia University Press.
Bullock, Alan, and Oliver Stallybrass, jt. eds. The Harper Dictionary of Modern Thought. New York: Harper & Row, 1977. xix, 684 p. N.B.: "First published in England under the title, The Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thought." ISBN 978-0-06-010578-5
Reese, W. L. Dictionary of Philosophy and Religion: Eastern and Western Thought. Atlantic Highlands, N.J.: Humanities Press, 1980. iv, 644 p. ISBN 978-0-391-00688-1
Copleston, Frederick Charles (1953). A history of philosophy: volume III: Ockham to Suárez. Paulist Press. ISBN 978-0-8091-0067-5. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Leaman, Oliver; Morewedge, Parviz (2000). "Islamic philosophy modern". Katika Craig, Edward (mhr.). Concise Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Psychology Press. ISBN 0-415-22364-4. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Buccellati, Giorgio (1981-01-01). "Wisdom and Not: The Case of Mesopotamia". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 101 (1): 35–47. doi:10.2307/602163. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)