Апсолут је појам који се користи у филозофији за означавање крајње, свеобухватне стварности посматране као цјелина, али у исто вријеме као извор разноврсности, односно као комплетне или перфектне стварности која у исто вријеме није раздвојена од коначног и несавршеног свијета.[1] Овај појам у филозофију су унијели Шелинг и Хегел пред сам крај 18. вијека, а убрзо је постао веома битан у филозофији идеализма.[2] У апсолутном идеализму и британском идеализму, он служи као концепт за „безусловну стварност која је или духовно темељ свега бића или целине ствари које се сматрају духовним јединством“.[3]
Апсолут као појам врло често се користи за Бога, као Свемогућег и Свевременог.
Историја
Концепт „апсолута“ је у модерну филозофију увео Хегел, дефинисан као „збир свог бића, стварног и потенцијалног“.[4][1] За Хегела, како га схвата Мартин Хајдегер, апсолут је „дух, оно што је само по себи присутно у извесности безусловне самоспознаје“.[5] Како Хегела схвата Фредерик Коплстон: „Логика проучава апсолут 'у себи'; филозофија природе проучава апсолут 'зарад себе'; а филозофија духа проучава апсолут 'у себи и за себе'.”[6] Концепт се такође налази у делима Ф. В. Ј. Шелинга, а антиципирао га је Јохан Готлиб Фихте.[3] У енглеској филозофији, Ф. Х. Бредли је разликовао концепт апсолута од Бога, док их је Џосија Ројс, оснивач америчке филозофске школе идеализма, изједначио.[3]
У џаинизму, aпсолутно знање или кевалија гнан, за које се каже да су постигли Арихантас и Тиртанкарас, који се огледа у њиховом познавању 360 степени истине и догађаја прошлости, садашњости и будућности. Свих 24 Тиртанкара и многи други су кевалија гнан или носиоци апсолутног знања.
Према Такеши Умехари, неки древни текстови будизма наводе да „истински апсолут и истинска слобода морају бити ништавило“,[8] „празнина“.[9] Ипак, рани будистички научник Нагарјуна, наводи Пол Вилијамс, не представља „празнину” као неку врсту апсолута, већ је то „само одсуство (чисто непостојање) инхерентног постојања” у Мадјамака школи будистичке филозофије.[10]
^ аб Herbermann, Charles, ур. (1913). „The Absolute”. Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. See for the development of Hegel's idea of "the absolute." Charles Edward Andrew Lincoln IV, Hegelian Dialectical Analysis of U.S. Voting Laws, 42 U. Dayton L. Rev. 87 (2017). See Lincoln, Charles The Dialectical Path of Law, 2021 Rowman & Littlefield.
^The Absolute Macmillan Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Second Edition 2006, Donald M. Borchert, Editor in Chief, Thomson Gale, a part of the Thomson Corporation
^Hajime Nakamura (1964). The Ways of Thinking of Eastern Peoples: India-China-Tibet-Japan. University of Hawaii Press. стр. 53—57. ISBN978-0-8248-0078-9., Quote: "Thus the ultimate Absolute presumed by the Indians is not a personal god but an impersonal and metaphysical Principle. Here we can see the impersonal character of the Absolute in Indian thought. The inclination of grasping Absolute negatively necessarily leads (as Hegel would say) to the negation of the negative expression itself."
^Simoni-Wastila, Henry (2002). „Māyā and radical particularity: Can particular persons be one with Brahman?”. International Journal of Hindu Studies. Springer. 6 (1): 1—18. S2CID144665828. doi:10.1007/s11407-002-0009-5.
^Huxley, Aldous (2009-01-01). The Perennial Philosophy (на језику: енглески). New York: Harper Perennial Modern Classics. ISBN9780061724947.
Литература
Akizuki, Ryōmin (1990), New Mahāyāna: Buddhism for a Post-modern World, Jain Publishing Company
Amidon, Elias (2012), The Open Path: Recognizing Nondual Awareness, Sentient Publications
Anderson, Allan W. (2009), Self-Transformation and the Oracular: A Practical Handbook for Consulting the I Ching and Tarot, Xlibris CorporationШаблон:Self-published inline
Bronkhorst, Johannes (1993), The Two Traditions Of Meditation In Ancient India, Motilal Banarsidass Publ.
Buswell, Robert E. (1991), The "Short-cut" Approach of K'an-hua Meditation: The Evolution of a Practical Subitism in Chinese Ch'an Buddhism. In: Peter N. Gregory (editor) (1991), Sudden and Gradual. Approaches to Enlightenment in Chinese Thought, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited
Buswell, Robert E (1993), Ch'an Hermeneutics: A Korean View. In: Donald S. Lopez, Jr. (ed.)(1993), Buddhist Hermeneutics, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass
Cabezón, José Ignacio (2005), „Tsong Kha Pa”, Ур.: Jones, Lindsay, MacMillan Encyclopedia of Religion, MacMillan
Caplan, Mariana (2009), Eyes Wide Open: Cultivating Discernment on the Spiritual Path, Sounds True
Carrithers, Michael (1983), The Forest Monks of Sri Lanka
Fields, Rick (1992), How The Swans Came To The Lake. A Narrative History of Buddhism in America, Shambhala
Gamma, Alex; Metzinger, Thomas (14. 7. 2021), „The Minimal Phenomenal Experience questionnaire (MPE-92M): Towards a phenomenological profile of "pure awareness" experiences in meditators”, PLOS ONE, 16 (7): e0253694, Bibcode:2021PLoSO..1653694G, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0253694CS1 одржавање: Датум и година (веза)CS1 одржавање: Формат датума (веза)
Garfield, Jay L. (1995), The Fundamental Wisdom of the Middle Way: Nagarjuna's Mulamadhyamakakarika, Oxford University Press
Gombrich, Richard (1996), Theravada Buddhism. A Social History From Ancient Benares to Modern Colombo, Routledge
Gregory, Peter N. (1991), Sudden Enlightenment Followed by Gradual Cultivation: Tsung-mi's Analysis of mind. In: Peter N. Gregory (editor)(1991), Sudden and Gradual. Approaches to Enlightenment in Chinese Thought, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited
Hanley, Adam W.; Nakamura, Yoshio; Garland, Eric L. (2018), „The Nondual Awareness Dimensional Assessment (NADA): New Tools to Assess Nondual Traits and States of Consciousness Occurring Within and Beyond the Context of Meditation”, Psychological Assessment, 30 (12): 1625—1639, PMC6265073, PMID30058824, doi:10.1037/pas0000615
Harris, Mark W. (2009), The A to Z of Unitarian Universalism, Scarecrow Press
Harvey, Peter (1989), „Consciousness Mysticism in the Discourses of the Buddha”, Ур.: Werner, Karel, The Yogi and the Mystic, Curzon Press
Harvey, Peter (1995), An introduction to Buddhism. Teachings, history and practices, Cambridge University Press
Hori, Victor Sogen (2000), Koan and Kensho in the Rinzai Zen Curriculum. In: Steven Heine and Dale S. Wright (eds)(2000): "The Koan. Texts and Contexts in Zen Buddhism, Oxford: Oxford University Press
Isaeva, N.V. (1993), Shankara and Indian Philosophy, SUNY Press
Kalupahana, David J. (1992), The Principles of Buddhist Psychology, Delhi: ri Satguru Publications
Kalupahana, David J. (1994), A History of Buddhist philosophy, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited
Kalupahana, David (2006), Mulamadhyamakakarika of Nagarjuna, Motilal Banarsidass
Kapleau, Philip (1989), The three pillars of Zen
Karma Lingpa (1989), Self-Liberation through seeing with naked awareness, Station Hill Press
Kasulis, Thomas P. (2003), Ch'an Spirituality. In: Buddhist Spirituality. Later China, Korea, Japan and the Modern World; edited by Takeuchi Yoshinori, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass
King, Richard (1995), Early Advaita Vedānta and Buddhism: The Mahāyāna Context of the Gauḍapādīya-kārikā, SUNY Press
King, Richard (2002), Orientalism and Religion: Post-Colonial Theory, India and "The Mystic East", Routledge
King, Sally (1991), Buddha Nature, SUNY Press
Kipf, David (1979), The Brahmo Samaj and the shaping of the modern Indian mind, Atlantic Publishers & Distri
Kochumuttom, Thomas A. (1999), A buddhist Doctrine of Experience. A New Translation and Interpretation of the Works of Vasubandhu the Yogacarin, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass
Kraft, Kenneth (1997), Eloquent Zen: Daitō and Early Japanese Zen, University of Hawaii Press
Larson, G.J. (2014), „Introduction to the Philosophy of Samkhya”, Ур.: Larson, G.J.; Bhattacharya, R.S., The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies, Volume 4, Princeton University Press, ISBN978-0691604411
Lavoie, Jeffrey D. (2012), The Theosophical Society: The History of a Spiritualist Movement, Universal-Publishers
Lee, Kwang-Sae (2005), East and West: Fusion of Horizons, Homa & Sekey Books, ISBN1-931907-26-9
Liang-Chieh (1986), The Record of Tung-shan, William F. Powell (translator), Kuroda Institute
Loy, David (1988), Nonduality: A Study in Comparative Philosophy, New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press, ISBN1-57392-359-1
Loy, David (1997), Nonduality: A Study in Comparative Philosophy, Humanity Books Books, ISBN1-57392-359-1}}
Loy, David (2012), Nonduality: A Study in Comparative Philosophy, Prometheus Books
Lucas, Phillip Charles (2011), „When a Movement Is Not a Movement. Ramana Maharshi and Neo-Advaita in North America”, Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions, 15 (2): 93—114, JSTOR10.1525/nr.2011.15.2.93, doi:10.1525/nr.2011.15.2.93
Maezumi, Hakuyu Taizan; Glassman, Bernie (2007), The Hazy Moon of Enlightenment: Part of the On Zen Practice Series, Wisdom Publications
Mandair, Arvind (септембар 2006), „The Politics of Nonduality: Reassessing the Work of Transcendence in Modern Sikh Theology”, Journal of the American Academy of Religion, 74 (3): 646—673, S2CID154558545, doi:10.1093/jaarel/lfj002CS1 одржавање: Формат датума (веза)
Mansukhani, Gobind (1993). Introduction to Sikhism. New Delhi: Hemkunt Press. ISBN9788170101819.
Miller, Timothy (1995), America's Alternative Religions, SUNY
Mohr, Michel (2000), Emerging from Nonduality. Koan Practice in the Rinzai Tradition since Hakuin. In: steven Heine & Dale S. Wright (eds.)(2000), "The Koan. texts and Contexts in Zen Buddhism", Oxford: Oxford University Press
Muller-Ortega, Paul E. (2010), Triadic Heart of Siva: Kaula Tantricism of Abhinavagupta in the Non-Dual Shaivism of Kashmir, Suny press
Mumon, Yamada (2004), Lectures On The Ten Oxherding Pictures, University of Hawaii Press
Murti, T.R.V. (2008), The Central Philosophy of Buddhism: A Study of the Madhyamika System, Taylor & Francis Group
Nakamura, Hajime (2004), A History of Early Vedanta Philosophy. Part Two, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited
Narasimha Swami (1993), Self Realisation: The Life and Teachings of Sri Ramana Maharshi, Sri Ramanasraman
Nisargadatta (1987), I Am That, Bombay: Chetana
Norbu, Namkhai (1989), „Foreword”, Ур.: Reynolds, John Myrdin, Self-liberation through seeing with naked awareness, Station Hill Press, Inc.
Odin, Steve (1982), Process Metaphysics and Hua-Yen Buddhism: A Critical Study of Cumulative Penetration Vs. Interpenetration, SUNY Press, ISBN0-87395-568-4
Reynolds, John Myrdin (1989), „Appendix I: The views on Dzogchen of W.Y. Evans-Wentz and C.G. Jung”, Ур.: Reynolds, John Myrdin, Self-liberation through seeing with naked awareness, Station Hill Press, Inc.
Renard, Gary (2004), The Disappearance of the Universe, Carlsbad, CA, USA: Hay House
Renard, Philip (2010), Non-Dualisme. De directe bevrijdingsweg, Cothen: Uitgeverij Juwelenschip
Roy, Sumita (2003), Aldous Huxley And Indian Thought, Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd
Samy, AMA (1998), Waarom kwam Bodhidharma naar het Westen? De ontmoeting van Zen met het Westen, Asoka: Asoka
Schmitt, Charles (1966), „Perennial Philosophy: From Agostino Steuco to Leibniz”, Journal of the History of Ideas, 27 (1): 505—532), JSTOR2708338, doi:10.2307/2708338
Schucman, Helen (1992), A Course In Miracles, Foundation for Inner Peace, ISBN0-9606388-9-X
Seager, Richard Hughes (2012), Buddhism in America, Columbia University Press
Sen Gupta, Anima (1986), The Evolution of the Samkhya School of Thought, New Delhi: South Asia Books, ISBN81-215-0019-2
Sarma, Chandradhar (1996), The Advaita Tradition in Indian Philosophy, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass
Sekida, Katsuki (1985), Zen Training. Methods and Philosophy, New York, Tokyo: Weatherhill
Sekida (translator), Katsuki (1996), Two Zen Classics. Mumonkan, The Gateless Gate. Hekiganroku, The Blue Cliff Records. Translated with commentaries by Katsuki Sekida, New York / Tokyo: Weatherhill
Shankarananda Swami (2011), Consciousness Is Everything, Palmer Higgs Pty Ltd
Sinari, Ramakant (2000), Advaita and Contemporary Indian Philosophy. In: Chattopadhyana (gen.ed.), "History of Science, Philosophy and Culture in Indian Civilization. Volume II Part 2: Advaita Vedanta", Delhi: Centre for Studies in Civilizations
Slavenburg; Glaudemans (1994), Nag Hammadi Geschriften I, Ankh-Hermes
Spilka e.a. (2003), The Psychology of Religion. An Empirical Approach, New York: The Guilford Press
Srinivasan, Narayan (август 2020), „Consciousness Without Content: A Look at Evidence and Pospects”, Frontiers in Psychology, 11: 1992, PMC7426455, PMID32849160, doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01992CS1 одржавање: Датум и година (веза)CS1 одржавање: Формат датума (веза)
Swartz, James, How to Attain Enlightenment: The Vision of Non-Duality, Sentient+ORM
Suzuki, Daisetz Teitarō (1999), Studies in the Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass
Suzuki, D.T. (2002), Mysticism: Christian and Buddhist, Taylor & Francis Group