Przeworská kultúra

Przeworská a ďalšie príbuzné archeologické kultúry okolo roku 300 pr. n. l.

Przeworská kultúra je archeologická kultúra doby železnej existujúcej od 2. storočia pr. n. l. do začiatku 5. storočia v dnešnom centrálnom a južnom Poľsku. Neskôr sa rozšírila na východné Slovensko a Podkarpatskú Rus. Je pomenovaná po poľskom meste Przeworsk.

Čiastočne nadväzovala na kultúru pomoranskú, viditeľné sú aj vplyvy kultúry laténskej a jastorfskej. Koniec przeworskej kultúry sa časovo zhoduje s inváziou Hunov a migráciou germánskych kmeňov na západ. Iní bádatelia zdôrazňujú kontinuitu osídlenia a zdôrazňujú vplyv spoločenskej krízy, ktorá nadišla kvôli ukončeniu obchodných vzťahov s Rímskou ríšou. Na konci 5. storočia sa na území przeworskej kultúry usídlila slovanská kultúra s keramikou pražského typu.

Charakteristika

Jej nositelia sa živili poľnohospodárstvom a obratne ovládali výrobu železa. Neopevnené sídliská stavali na slnečných svahoch v blízkosti vodných tokov. Obývali spravidla domy so stĺpovou konštrukciou s hlinenou pecou v jednom z rohov, ale stavali aj zahĺbené domy.

Pochovávali predovšetkým kremáciou, popol bol ukladaný do nádoby, jamky alebo bol rozptýlený. Existovali aj hroby kostrové, ktoré často obsahovali rímske výrobky a sú preto označované ako kniežacie. Na ich existenciu mohol mať vplyv keltský substrát alebo Skytovia. Vykazujú tiež germánske prvky ako ukladanie výzbroje a zabodávanie štítu, kopije a meča do hrobu.

Keramika bola zhotovovaná ako na kruhu, tak v ruke, časť z nej, rovnako ako háčikovité ostrohy, pripomína keramiku rano slovanskú.

Etnicita

Etnicita nositeľov tejto kultúry bola na začiatku 20. storočia predmetom nacionálnych sporov, slovanskí bádatelia ich spravidla stotožňovali s predkami Slovanov, nemeckí s východnými Germánmi, najčastejšie Vandalmi a Burgundmi. Je pravdepodobné, že przeworská kultúra bola polyetnická a vznikla zotretím lokálnych rozdielov pod vplyvom rímskej kultúry.[1] Okrem Germánov a predkov Slovanov sa v nej zrejme odrážal aj keltský vplyv.

Podľa písomných záznamov na území przeworskej kultúry žil kmeň Venedov a germánsky kmeň Lugiov.

Referencie

  1. ↑ KLANICA, Zdeněk. Počátky Slovanů. Praha : [s.n.], 2009. 183 s. ISBN 978-80-254-5298-1. S. 18.

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