Vakuola

vakuola
centralne vakuole kod ćelija Rhoeo discolor ispunjene pigmentom
centralne vakuole kod ćelija Rhoeo discolor ispunjene pigmentom
Karakteristike organele
prisutna u: pojedinim eukariotskim ćelijama
broj u ćeliji: 1 - nekoliko
oblik: sferan
membrane: 1 dvoslojna fosfolipidna membrana
funkcija: vidi tekst

Vakuole su membranom oivičene organele pojedinih eukariotskih ćelija, obično sa mnoštvom različitih funkcija. Najčešće su to organele za magaciniranje i/ili sekreciju određenih metabolita, kao i za odigravanje pojedinih reakcija metabolizma. Vakuole su najkarakterističnije za biljnu ćeliju, mada su prisutne i kod drugih, ne-biljnih organizama. U ćeliji može postojati jedna, centralna vakuola, ili ih može biti više kada su najčešće manjih dimenzija.

Najznačajnije funkcije vakuola su:

  • uklanjanje nepoželjnih i toksičnih metabolita
  • magaciniranje otpadnih materija
  • magaciniranje sekundarnih metabolita
  • magaciniranje i izlučivanje malih molekula
  • odigravanje reakcija koje zahtevaju kiselu sredinu
  • omogućavanje ubrzano izduživanje ćelija, odnosno bilo kakvog menjanja zapremine ćelije
  • autofagija

Vakuole protista

Neke vrste protista poseduju hranljive vakuole, kao deo fagocitotsko-endozomskog aparata. U njima se odvija varenje partikula unetih fagocitozom u ćeliju. Ispunjene su litičkim enzimima, i najčešće se kreću svuda kroz ćeliju izbacujući produkte varenja kroz membranu u citoplazmu.

Kontraktilne vakuole nekih trepljara služe ispumpavanju vode iz ćelije radi održavanja osmotske homeostaze. Najčešće su u vidu jedne ili više većih vakuola okruženih radijalnim kanalićima, koji ih pune vodom.

Biljne vakuole

Vakuole biljne ćelije su obavijene jednostrukom membranom nazvanom tonoplast. Tonoplast je pun proteinskih jonskih kanala koji omogućavaju održavanje unutrašnje homeostaze vakuole i njeno funkcionisanje.

Ćelija može imati 1-2 veće, tzv. centralne vakuole, ili veći broj sitnih vakuola. Mlade meristemske ćelije, kao i ćelije vaskularnog kambijuma, najčešće sadrže veći broj sitnih, dok zrele ćelije imaju jednu, koja zauzima i do 80% zapremine ćelije.

U biljnoj vakuoli nalazi se tečnost nazvana ćelijski sok, koja sadrži vodu, enzime, neorganske soli, toksične metabolite. Ćelijski sok je kisela sredina, i u njoj se odigrava jedan deo katabolizma koji zahteva nisku pH vrednost sredine. Sem ovih, važna funkcija vakuole je u održavanju turgorovog pritiska ćelije na ćelijski zid, i u omogućavanju rasta ćelije magaciniranjem vode. U vakuolama kruničnih listića se magaciniraju pigmenti, važni za održavanje boje cveta.

Vakuole kvasaca

U ćelijama kvasaca vakuole služe kao kompartmani za magaciniranje aminokiselina i detoksifikaciju materija. Kada organizmi gladuju, u vakuolama dolazi do razgradnje proteina i pojedinih organela (autofagija). Vakuole kvasaca nisu dovoljne istražene.

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