Tapuia é um termo de origem tupi que foi utilizado durante o período inicial de colonização do Brasil para designar todos os indígenas que não falavam o tupi antigo. Ao desembarcarem na costa do atual Brasil, os portugueses encontraram grupos que falavam línguas pertencentes a dois grandes troncos linguísticos da América do Sul: o tupi e o macro-jê. Aqueles que habitavam o litoral do Brasil falavam línguas pertencentes ao tronco tupi, ao passo que os falantes de línguas macro-jê com os quais os portugueses travaram contato habitavam regiões do interior do Sudeste, Nordeste e do Sul do Brasil.[1] Como o centro da colonização brasileira se deu no litoral, os portugueses, após estabelecerem contato mais próximo com os índios tupis, adotaram a nomenclatura que esses indígenas deram àqueles a quem se opunham, ou seja, os índios macro-jê ou tapuias.
Há diversos entendimentos das origens do termo, mas, em geral, observa-se que seria de procedência tupi e que teria significado semelhante a "forasteiro", "bárbaro", "aquele que não fala nossa língua", "inimigo".
Autores quinhentistas como Gabriel Soares de Sousa já utilizavam o termo "tapuia", contrastando os índios dessa estirpe com os tupi-guaranis (tupinambás). No entanto, muitos cronistas coloniais consideravam os diferentes grupos indígenas como parte de uma única e grande nação, resultando no engano de caracterizar grupos tupis como tapuias.[2] Sobre a origem dos aimorés, Soares Sousa escreveu:
Os tupi-guaranis marcavam presença no litoral, enquanto os tapuias predominavam no interior. Grupos tapuias incluem, por exemplo os botocudos e muitos do nordeste do Brasil, como os tarairus e os cariris.[3]
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