Raça caucasiana

A raça caucasiana (também caucasóide[a]) é uma classificação racial desatualizada de seres humanos com base em uma teoria da raça biológica atualmente contestada.[2][3][4] A raça caucasiana era historicamente considerada como um táxon biológico que, dependendo de qual das classificações raciais históricas estava sendo usado, geralmente incluía populações antigas e modernas de toda ou partes da Europa, Ásia Ocidental, Ásia Central, Ásia do Sul, África do Norte e Corno da África.[5][6]

O termo introduzido pela primeira vez na década de 1780 por membros da Escola de História de Göttingen,[b] denotava uma das três supostas raças principais da humanidade (sendo as três: caucasóide, mongolóide e negróide).[11] Em antropologia biológica, Caucasóide é usado como um termo guarda-chuva para grupos fenotipicamente semelhantes dessas diferentes regiões, com foco na anatomia esquelética e, especialmente, morfologia craniana, sem levar em conta cor da pele humana.[12] As populações "caucasóides" antigas e modernas não eram exclusivamente "brancas", mas variavam em tez de pele branca a marrom-escura.[13]

Etimologia

O termo surgiu de antigos estudos feitos por estudiosos da craniologia, que consideraram que os crânios de pessoas que viviam no Cáucaso eram iguais (metricamente) aos de europeus, povos norte-africanos nativos (como os cabilas), alguns povos do subcontinente indiano e da Ásia Ocidental.[14]

O termo "raça caucasiana" foi criado pelo filósofo Christoph Meiners no século XVIII, mas só se popularizou no século XIX, com o nome de "Varietas Caucasia" pelo cientista e naturalista alemão Johann Friedrich Blumenbach, que pegou emprestado o termo de Meiners.[15] Blumenbach definiu esta classificação racial baseando-se nas feições do crânio de povos caucasianos, similares às encontradas nos povos europeus.[13] Da similaridade do crânio, Blumenbach formou a teoria de que as feições comuns a todos os europeus teriam surgido no Cáucaso.

Ver também

Notas

  1. ↑ O termo antropológico tradicional Caucasóide é uma fusão do gentílico Caucasiano e o sufixo grego eidos (que significa "forma", "semelhança") implicando uma semelhança com os habitantes nativos do Cáucaso. Contrasta etimologicamente com os termos Negroide, Mongolóide e Australoide[1]
  2. ↑ Cited by contributing editor to a group of four works by Baum,[7] Woodward,[8] Rupke,[9] e Simon.[10]

Referências

  1. ↑ Freedman, B. J. (1984). «For debate... Caucasian». Routledge. British Medical Journal. 288 (6418): 696–98. PMC 1444385Acessível livremente. PMID 6421437. doi:10.1136/bmj.288.6418.696 
  2. ↑ Templeton, A. (2016). «Evolution and Notions of Human Race». In: Losos, J.; Lenski, R. How Evolution Shapes Our Lives: Essays on Biology and Society. Princeton; Oxford: Princeton University Press. pp. 346–361. doi:10.2307/j.ctv7h0s6j.26. ...a resposta à pergunta se as raças existem nos humanos é clara e inequívoca: não. 
  3. ↑ Wagner, Jennifer K.; Yu, Joon-Ho; Ifekwunigwe, Jayne O.; Harrell, Tanya M.; Bamshad, Michael J.; Royal, Charmaine D. (fevereiro de 2017). «Anthropologists' views on race, ancestry, and genetics». American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 162 (2): 318–327. PMC 5299519Acessível livremente. PMID 27874171. doi:10.1002/ajpa.23120 
  4. ↑ American Association of Physical Anthropologists (27 de março de 2019). «AAPA Statement on Race and Racism». American Association of Physical Anthropologists 
  5. ↑ Coon, Carleton Stevens (1939). The Races of Europe. New York: The Macmillan Company. pp. 400–401. Esta terceira zona racial se estende da Espanha, cruzando o Estreito de Gibraltar até o Marrocos e, daí, ao longo da costa sul do Mediterrâneo na Arábia, África Oriental, Mesopotâmia, e o planaltos persas; e através do Afeganistão para a Índia [...] A zona racial mediterrânea se estende ininterrupta de Espanha através do Estreito de Gibraltar até Marrocos, e daí em direção ao leste para a Índia [...]. Um ramo se estende muito ao sul em ambos os lados do Mar Vermelho no sul da Arábia, o Planalto da Etiópia e o Chifre da África. 
  6. ↑ Coon, Carleton Stevens; Hunt, Edward E. (1966). The Living Races of Man. London: Jonathan Cape. p. 93 
  7. ↑ Baum 2006, pp. 84–85: "Finalmente, Christoph Meiners (1747-1810), 'filósofo popular' e historiador da Universidade de Göttingen, deu ao termo um significado racial caucasiano em seu Grundriss der Geschichte der Menschheit (Esboço da História da Humanidade; 1785)... Meiners perseguiu este 'programa de Göttingen' de investigar extensos escritos histórico-antropológicos, que incluíram duas edições de seu "Esboço da História da Humanidade" e vários artigos na Göttingisches Historisches Magazin""
  8. ↑ William R. Woodward (9 de junho de 2015). Hermann Lotze: An Intellectual Biography. [S.l.]: Cambridge University Press. 260 páginas. ISBN 978-1-316-29785-8. ...as cinco raças humanas identificadas por Johann Friedrich Blumenbach - negros, índios americanos, malaios, mongóis e caucasianos. Ele escolheu contar com Blumenbach, líder da escola de anatomia comparada de Göttingen 
  9. ↑ Nicolaas A. Rupke (2002). Göttingen and the Development of the Natural Sciences. [S.l.]: Wallstein-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-89244-611-8. Pois foi em Göttingen, nesse período, que os contornos de um sistema de classificação foram estabelecidos de uma maneira que ainda molda a maneira como tentamos compreender as diferentes variedades da humanidade - incluindo o uso de termos como "caucasiano". 
  10. ↑ Charles Simon-Aaron (2008). The Atlantic Slave Trade: Empire, Enlightenment, and the Cult of the Unthinking Negro. [S.l.]: Edwin Mellen Press. ISBN 978-0-7734-5197-1. Aqui, Blumenbach colocou o europeu branco no ápice da família humana; ele até deu ao europeu um novo nome - ou seja, caucasiano. Esse relacionamento também inspirou os trabalhos acadêmicos de Karl Otfried Muller, C. Meiners e K. A. Heumann, os pensadores mais importantes de Göttingen para nosso projeto. (Esta lista não pretende ser exaustiva.) 
  11. ↑ Pickering, Robert (2009). The Use of Forensic Anthropology. [S.l.]: CRC Press. p. 82. ISBN 978-1-4200-6877-1 
  12. ↑ Pickering, Robert (2009). The Use of Forensic Anthropology. [S.l.]: CRC Press. p. 109. ISBN 978-1-4200-6877-1 
  13. ↑ a b Johann Friedrich Blumenbach (1865). Thomas Bendyshe, ed. The Anthropological Treatises of Johann Friedrich Blumenbach. [S.l.]: Anthropological Society. pp. 265, 303, 367 
  14. ↑ [1]
  15. ↑ Universidade da Pennsylvania

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