Subcontinente indiano

Subcontinente indiano
Imagem de satélite do subcontinente indiano, com indicação dos Estados que o compõem
Região destacada em laranja escuro

O subcontinente indiano é a região peninsular do Sul da Ásia onde se situam os países Índia, Paquistão, Bangladesh, Nepal e Butão. Por razões culturais e tectónicas, a ilha do Sri Lanka e as Maldivas podem também considerar-se como pertencentes ao Subcontinente. Esta região do sul da Ásia foi historicamente conhecida por Hindustão ou Indostão,[1][2] nomenclatura hoje apenas utilizada no contexto da história da relação entre os povos europeus e o subcontinente.

Geologicamente, a noção de subcontinente baseia-se no facto de que esta região assentar numa placa tectónica própria, separada do resto da Ásia. A parte sul do subcontinente forma uma enorme península enquanto o norte é composto pela cordilheira do Himalaia, que age como barreira geográfica e cultural com a China e com a Ásia Central.

O nome de subcontinente indiano dado à península, muito identificado com a Índia, abrange contudo um território cujos limites geográficos não coincidem com aquele Estado. Apesar de não existir uma definição precisa para a região, e dos seus limites terem variado ao longo da história, em geral também são incluídos os territórios do Bangladesh, do Sri Lanka e das Maldivas, para além de partes dos Estados vizinhos do Afeganistão e da Birmânia.

Historicamente, o Indostão, conceito regional que antecedeu o de subcontinente indiano, incluía toda a região ao sul da Ásia Central, entre o Irã, e a China. Foi uma região de passagem de inúmeros povos e de múltiplas incursões, entre as quais se podem citar o exército de Alexandre, o Grande, as incursões mongóis de Gêngis Cã e a migração dos ciganos, entre tantos outros viajantes.

Foi durante séculos uma região estratégica, ponto de encontro da Rota da Seda, percurso chave para a troca de mercadorias e intercâmbio cultural entre o Império Chinês e o mundo ocidental. Com o advento da abertura do caminho através do Oceano Índico pelos navegadores ocidentais e a abertura de novas rotas e postos de trocas de mercadoria, começa a perder parte da sua estratégica importância económica, social e cultural.

Com a expansão do Islão, parte da população converteu-se a esta religião seguindo maioritariamente a corrente sunita. Composta por diversos reinos, caracterizados pelas suas alianças tribais e às vezes circunscritos apenas ao domínio de uma cidade, com o passar dos tempos acabou fechando-se ao acesso de estranhos. Com a expansão do Império Russo (século XVIII) e do Império Britânico, a sua estrutura e existência começou a ser ameaçada. Na época de Aquebar, o Indostão político ia do Afeganistão até a baía de Bengala e dos Himalaias até ao rio Godavari.

Países

Hoje o subcontinente indiano encontra-se dividido nos seguintes Estados:

Referências

  1. ↑ Fernandes, Ivo Xavier (1941). Topónimos e Gentílicos. I. Porto: Editora Educação Nacional, Lda. 
  2. ↑ Correia, Paulo (Primavera de 2022). «Indomalásia e Wallaceia — regiões e sub-regiões biogeográficas» (PDF). a folha – Boletim da língua portuguesa nas instituições europeias. Consultado em 27 de julho de 2022 
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