Pré-metrô

 Nota: Não confundir com VLT, nem com Trem-tram.
trams na estação Saint-Gilles/Sint-Gillis em Bruxelas .
Seção baixa da plataforma para trams na estação Duisburg Hauptbahnhof Stadtbahn .

Um pré-metrô é um conceito onde uma linha de bonde(bra)/elétrico(prt) ou de metrô leve(bra)/ligeiro(prt) possui trechos construídos de acordo com os padrões de linha e estações de metrô "pesado", que costumeiramente inclui a abertura de túneis na área central da cidade. Sendo uma variação do semi-metrô, o conceito de pré-metrô difere-se deste por ter como objetivo a futura conversão em uma linha de metropolitano.[1][2][3]

Características

No Brasil

A primeira definição técnica criada sobre pré-metrô foi elaborada em 1978 pela ANTP - Associação Nacional de Transporte Público, contudo não havendo diferenciação entre semi-metrô podendo configurar-se também em VLT:[4]

Característica Pré-metrô
Capacidade
(Passageiros/hora/sentido)
10.000 a 30.000
Distância média
entre estações
Entre 300 m e 1.000 m
Aceleração 1,0 a 1,3 m/s2
Velocidade máxima 80 km/h
Tipo de linhas alimentadora-distribuidora
Utilização das linhas segregada ou mesclada com tráfego em superfície.
Cobrança tarifária no veículo.
Tipo de alimentação Elétrica por Catenária
Tensão de alimentação 750 VCC
Alcance 20 km

História

A primeira cidade a transportar uma parte de uma linha de tram pelo centro da cidade em um túnel foi Marselha, na França, em 1893, com sua estação subterrânea de Noailles. Inicialmente, ela era operada por carroças puxadas por cavalos. O próximo exemplo de destaque foi o metrô da Rua Tremont (en) (1897) em Boston, hoje parte da Linha Verde da MBTA (en). Esses primeiros túneis destinavam-se exclusivamente a reduzir o congestionamento de trams nas ruas de superfície, e não para conversão posterior em serviço de metrô.[5] Vários dos primeiros túneis de trams, incluindo o Steinway Tunnel (en) e a East Boston Tunnel, foram posteriormente convertidos para operação de metrô. Entretanto, a pequena bitola de carregamento, as curvas fechadas e as inclinações acentuadas dos túneis de tram exigiam vagões de metrô menores do que o desejável.[6]

Segunda geração

O conceito moderno de pré-metrô Stadtbahn (en) (lit.: ferrovia da cidade) teve início na Alemanha dos anos 1960, quando o aumento do congestionamento do tráfego devido ao uso de automóveis levou à construção de novos sistemas de trânsito. Em vez de construir linhas de metrô caras imediatamente, algumas cidades construíram apenas os túneis do centro da cidade. Eles poderiam ser usados pelas linhas de tram existentes no curto prazo, com a intenção de conversão completa em metrô mais tarde - daí o termo "pré-metrô".[7] A ideia se espalhou para outros países europeus na década de 1970, especialmente para a Bélgica, onde esses sistemas eram explicitamente chamados de pré-metrôs.

Exemplos

Veja também

  • Metrô de média capacidade
  • Stadtbahn
  • Categorias de trem na Europa

Referências

  1. De Leuw, Cather & Company (1976). Light Rail Transit: A State of the Art Review, Executive Summary. [S.l.: s.n.] p. 47. Consultado em 30 August 2023. This step-by-step planning approach to building rail rapid transit is known as pre-metro, implying the intention to ultimately construct a fully grade separated route to be used by rail rapid transit or metro trains.  Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
  2. Vuchic, Vukan R. (2007). Urban transit systems and technology. Hoboken, N.J: J. Wiley & Sons. p. 580. ISBN 9780471758235. doi:10.1002/9780470168066.fmatter. Consultado em 7 October 2023. PREMETRO—An LRT system designed with provisions for easy conversion into RRT (metro).  Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
  3. John Hoyle (16 May 1975). «Letters to the editor -- The tram is the answer». Sydney Morning Herald. Consultado em 13 de janeiro de 2014. Cities such as Frankfurt and Cologne in West Germany have further developed their tramway system by introducing a concept known as "premetro." In this system trams or light rail vehicles make extensive use of tunnels, reserve track and by utilizing folding steps these vehicles can operate through high or low stopping places.  Verifique data em: |data= (ajuda)
  4. Associação nacional dos Transportes Públicos (dezembro de 1978). «Características técnicas principais dos sistemas de transporte de massa» (PDF). Uniformizaçãodo material rodante metro-ferrovia/Revista da ANTP, ano I, edição 2, páginas 7 a 34. Consultado em 17 de agosto de 2020 
  5. Cudahy, Brian J. (1972). Change at Park Street Under. [S.l.]: Stephen Greene Press. pp. 10-11, 31-33. ISBN 0828901732. LCCN 72081531  Verifique o valor de |url-access=registration (ajuda)
  6. Cudahy, Brian J. (1972). Change at Park Street Under. [S.l.]: Stephen Greene Press. pp. 10-11, 31-33. ISBN 0828901732. LCCN 72081531  Verifique o valor de |url-access=registration (ajuda)
  7. Ian Yearsley (21 December 1972). «Trams are coming back». Reed Business Information Ltd. New Scientist. Consultado em 14 de janeiro de 2014. But instead of building the entire expensive systems immediately, the Germans hit on the idea of building only the city centre tunnels at first. Intended in the long run to be extended to full undergrounds, in the short term they could be used by trams which would continue to run on the surface outside city centres. The idea spread to other European countries, especially Belgium, where it became known as pre-metro. Today Brussels, Frankfurt, Stuttgart and many other cities are filling their central business districts with construction sites to move the trains underground.  Verifique data em: |data= (ajuda)
  8. «Antwerpen Tram & Premetro». UrbanRail.net. 2013. Consultado em 22 de janeiro de 2014 
  9. Geoffroy Fabre (19 de março de 2014). «Une station fantôme au secours du futur Métro Nord de la STIB». RTBF. Consultado em 9 de maio de 2014 
  10. «Charleroi Premetro». UrbanRail.net. 2013. Consultado em 22 de janeiro de 2014 
  11. Frederico, Tiago. «Trens do pré-metrô 'repousam' no Centro | Rio de Janeiro | O Dia». odia.ig.com.br. Consultado em 3 de fevereiro de 2024 

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