Língua shina

Shina
Falado(a) em: Paquistão, Índia
Região: Guilguite-Baltistão, Chitral, Caxemira
Total de falantes: 537 mil (1981–1998)
Família: Indo-europeia
 Indo-Iraniana
  Indo-Ariana
   Dárdica
    Shina
Escrita: Árabe
Códigos de língua
ISO 639-1: --
ISO 639-2: ---
ISO 639-3: ambos:
scl — Shina
plk — Kohistani Shina

Shina (nastaliq –شینا Šīnā) é uma língua do subgrupo das línguas dárdicas, família das línguas indo-arianas falada pelo povo shina, uma das etnias da região de Guilguite-Baltistão, que atualmente faz parte de facto do Paquistão, que antes era conhecida como Áreas do Norte (áreas de Hunza Astore Sul, Chilas, Darel, Tangir, Guilguite, Ghizer, Gurez, Drass, Juglot Valley, Drotte Palas, Kolai e Coistão).[1] Sua natureza como parte das línguas dárdicas é clara em função de sua relação também com outras línguas indo-arianas, especialmente com a língua panjabi. Punjabi.[2] É também falada na parte ocidental do Ladaque, administrado pela Índia, nomeadamente na região de Dras, que historicamente faz parte do Baltistão.[3][4][5][6]

Língua shina

Escrita

O Shina é usualmente escrito com o com caracteres da língua urdu. Há, porém, 5 letras adicionais:[3][4][5][6]

  • ݜ for /ʂ/
  • ڙ for /ʐ/
  • څ for /ts/
  • ڇ for /ʈʂ/
  • ݨ for /ɳ/

Também pode ser escrita com o abugida Devanágari, usando-se o ponto nucta para sons exclusivos do Shina.[3][4][5][6]

Fonologia

Vogais

Frontal Média posterior
não arredondada arredondada
Fechada i u
Meio fechada e o
Meio aberta ɛ ə ʌ ɔ
Aberta a

Todas as vogais exceto /ɔ/ podem ser também ou longas ou nasalizadas. Não existem pares mínimos contrastantes.[3][4][5][6]

Ditongos

  • descrescentes: ae̯, ao̯, eə̯, ɛi̯, ɛːi̯, ue̯, ui̯, oi̯, oə̯;
  • decrescentes nasalizados: ãi̯, ẽi̯, ũi̯, ĩũ̯, ʌĩ̯;
  • crescentes: u̯i, u̯e, a̯a, u̯u.[3][4][5][6]

Consoantes

Labial Coronal Retroflexa Palatal Velar Glotal
Oclusiva Plana p t ʈ k
Aspirada pʰ tʰ ʈʰ kʰ
Sonora b d ɖ ɡ
Africada Plain ts tʂ tʃ
Aspirada tsʰ tʂʰ tʃʰ
Sonora dz dʒ
Fricativa Plana (f) s ʂ ʃ x h
Sonora z ʐ ʒ ɣ ɦ
Nasal oclusiva m n ɳ ŋ
Lateral l
Rótica r ɽ
Semivogal ʋ~w j

Referências

  1. ↑ «Mosaic Of Jammu and Kashmir» 
  2. ↑ Foundation, Encyclopaedia Iranica. «Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica». iranicaonline.org (em inglês). Consultado em 3 de novembro de 2024 
  3. ↑ a b c d e Calvin R. Rensch, Sandra J. Decker, Daniel G. Hallberg. (1992). Languages of Kohistan (Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan, 1). National Institute of Pakistani Studies, 263 pp. ISBN 969-8023-11-9.
  4. ↑ a b c d e Rajapurohit, B. B. (2012). Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary (PDF). [S.l.: s.n.] 
  5. ↑ a b c d e Zia, Muhammad Amin. Shina Lughat (Shina Dictionary). First available Shina dictionary, containing 15000 words plus material on the phonetics of Shina.
  6. ↑ a b c d e Zia, Muhammad Amin. (1986). Shina Grammar. First Shina grammar to be written in Shina.

Bibliografia

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