Insurgência no Laos

Conflito Hmong
Revolta no Laos
Insurgência no Laos
Terceira Guerra da Indochina
Data Hmong: 1975–2007
Monarquista: 1975-início dos anos 1990
Direita: anos 1980-Início dos anos 1990
(substancialmente sufocada)
Local Hmong: centro e norte de Laos.
Monarquista e direitista: sul do país.
Desfecho As forças do Laos e do Vietnam têm vindo a derrotar quase todas as forças rebeldes na zona de fronteira. Ainda existem focos de resistência. Migração forçada de milhares de Hmong para a Tailândia, depois repatriados à força.
Beligerantes
Laos Laos (LPDP)
Vietname Vietnam (1976-actual)
Partido Comunista da Tailâdia (1965-90s)
Apoiados por:
União Soviética URSS (1978-91)
Rebeldes Hmong:
Organização Étnica para a Libertação de Laos (1985-atual)
Frente Unida para a Libertção de Laos (1980-atual)
Chao Fa (1975-1985)[1]

Frente para a Libertação Nacional de Laos (1980-90s)
Governo Democrático Real de Laos (1982-90s)


Frente Unida para a Libertação Nacional do Povo de Laos (1980-85)[2]
Frente Unida para a Libertação de Laos (1981[3]-90s)
Força Livre Democrática de Salvação Nacional de Laos, Frente Unida da Independência de Laos, Movimento de Libertação Nacional de Laos, Forças Armadas de Libertação do Povo Tailandês (1969-1980s)[4]


Apoiados por:
Kampuchea (1979-83)
China China (1988-atual)
Tailândia Tailandia (1980s-atual)
Estados Unidos Estados Unidos (1990-atual)
Comandantes
Laos Srio. Gral. del LPDP: (governante de facto)
K. Phomvihane (1955-92)
K. Siphandon (1992-06)
C. Sayasone (2006-atual)
Udom Srisuwan
Gral. V. Pao (LULF)
P. Phanareth (LULF)[2]
Gral. P. Nosavan (LPNLUF)[2]
Z. Z. Her (Chao Fa, ELOL)
P. K. Ker (ELOL)[2]
S. Champassak (ULNLF)[5]
V. Shur (ULNLF)[2]
Forças
Laos 129.100 (2002)[6]
Vietname 50.000 (1970s)[7]
15px PCT: 1.200 (1965)[8][9]
10-14.000 (inicios 1970s)[10]
6-8.000 (1977)[11]
14.000 (finales 1970s)[12][13]
12.000 (1979)[14]
4.000 (1982)[14]
4[5]-8.000 LULF (1980)[15]
7-8.000 LULF (1985)[7]
2.000 LULF (1990)[7]
2-4.000 Chao Fa (1975)[1]
2.000 Chao Fa (1985)[1]
3-9.000 ELOL (1990)[1]
2.000 ELOL (1994)[1]
3.000 hmong (1975)[7]
2-12.000 hmong (2007)[16]
2-3.000 RLDG (1980)[5]
40.000 LPNLUF (1980s)[5]
8.000 ULNLF (1980s)[2]
1-10.000 ULNLF (1989)[14]
2.000 ULNLF (2002)[6]
13.000 TPLAF (inicios 1980s)[17]

A insurgência no Laos ou conflito Hmong é um conflito interno, apesar de atualmente esporádico, entre o Exército Popular do Laos e membros do chamado Exército Secreto ou rebeldes da etnia Hmong, que tem sido alvo de represálias do governo devido ao apoio deste grupo étnico às campanhas dos Estados Unidos no Laos durante a Guerra Civil do Laos contra as forças comunistas. O conflito começou após a vitória do Pathet Lao e do Vietnã do Norte em 1975 sobre as forças monarquistas e seus aliados estadunidenses, tailandeses e sul-vietnamitas.

A insurgência monarquista no início da década de 1980 estava bastante debilitada pelo que se tornou uma força menor. Além disso, os guerrilheiros direitistas perderam grande parte do seu financiamento nos anos noventa com a queda do bloco soviético pelo que tendem a interromper as suas operações. A única força que ainda mantêm a sua importância e alguma atividade é a do povo Hmong.

Desde 1975 que o conflito Hmong ocorre entre os governos comunistas no poder no Laos e no Vietnã e o povo Hmong, refugiados nas selvas e nas montanhas do Laos, incluindo na antiga Zona Especial de Xaysomboun. Os poucos jornalistas que conseguiram ir até lá, assim como as ONGs de Direitos Humanos, colocaram em destaque a situação calamitosa da população Hmong[18].

Referências

  1. a b c d e Laos The Ethnic Liberation Organization of Laos - Flags, Maps, Economy, History, Climate y Laos - The Ethnic Liberation Organization of Laos
  2. a b c d e f Europa World Year Book 2, Libro 2, Taylor & Francis Group, pp. 2571-2572, 2004, ed. Europa Publications.
  3. A handbook of terrorism and insurgency in Southeast Asia, Andrew Tian Huat Tan, pp. 365, Edward Elgar Publishing, 2007.
  4. Thai People's Liberation Armed Forces
  5. a b c d Erro de citação: Etiqueta <ref> inválida; não foi fornecido texto para as refs de nome REF2
  6. a b Armed forces - Lao People's Democratic Republic
  7. a b c d Laos - Internal Threats and Resistance Movements El LULF también opera en la provincia china de Yunnan, la mayoría de los hmong que huyeron eran parte de las fuerza anticomunista conocida como el "Ejército Secreto" comandada por el general Vang durante la guerra civil estos ex-combatientes formarían las posteriores milicias hmong.
  8. Heaton, William R. China and Southeast Asian Communist Movements: The Decline of Dual Track Diplomacy, ed. Asian Survey, Vol. 22, No. 8. (Aug., 1982), pp. 779-800.
  9. Alpern, Stephen I. Insurgency in Northeast Thailand: A New Cause for Alarm, ed. Asian Survey, Vol. 15, No. 8. (Aug., 1975), pp. 684-692.
  10. Battersby, Paul. Border Politics and the Broader Politics of Thailand's International Relations in the 1990s: From Communism to Capitalism, ed. Pacific Affairs, Vol. 71, No. 4. (Winter, 1998-1999), pp. 473-488
  11. Stuart-Fox, Martin. Factors Influencing Relations between the Communist Parties of Thailand and Laos, ed. Asian Survey, Vol. 19, No. 4 (Apr., 1979), pp. 333-352.
  12. Thailand handbook, Joshua Eliot & Jane Bickersteth, pp. 777, Footprint Travel Guides, 2003.
  13. Maoist insurgency since Vietnam, Thomas A. Marks, pp. 80, Routledge, 1996, nota nº 99. Fonte: Paul Anthony, "The Jungle War the Communists Lost", Reader's Digest, ed. Asian, oct. 1984, pp. 2-6. Segundo esta fonte as tropas do PCT incluem 14 mil revoltoso e mais 20 mil pessoas que lhes davam suporte político e técnico.
  14. a b c Uppsala conflict data expansion. Non-state actor information. Codebook pp. 64-65; 97-99
  15. «Hmong rebellion in Laos». Arquivado do original em 5 de maio de 2021 
  16. Erro de citação: Etiqueta <ref> inválida; não foi fornecido texto para as refs de nome Ref3
  17. Political terrorism: a new guide to actors, authors, concepts, data bases, theories, & literature, Alex Peter Schmid & A. J. Jongman, pp. 672, Transaction Publishers, edición de 2005 (original de 1988).
  18. (em inglês)Lao People's Democratic Republic: Hiding in the jungle - Hmong under threat, Rapport Amnesty International ASA 26/003/2007, 23 mars 2007.

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