Ignimbrito

Uma amostra de ignimbrito.

Ignimbrito é uma rocha piroclástica, frequentemente de composição dacítica ou riolítica, resultante da deposição a elevadas temperaturas de materiais em semi-fusão provenientes de um fluxo piroclástico, ou seja de uma corrente de densidade piroclástica formada por uma densa suspensão de partículas, na sua maior pedra-pomes, e gases a elevada temperatura que flui rapidamente de um vulcão, mantendo-se junto ao solo por ter uma maior densidade que a atmosfera circundante.

Após o arrefecimento dos depósitos, as partículas em semi-fusão soldam-se entre si formando uma rocha de uma pouco ordenada mistura de cinzas vulcânicas (ou 'tufo quando consolidado em camadas de rocha) e pedra-pomes lapilli, comumente com fragmentos líticos dispersos. A cinza é composta de partículas de vidro e fragmentos cristalinos. Ignimbritas podem ser soltas e inconsolidadas, ou consolidadas em rochas (solidificadas) chamadas tufo lapilli. Próximas a sua origem, ignimbritas comumente contém espessas acumulações de blocos líticos, e a distância, muitos mostram diversas espessuras de acumulações de blocos arredondados (ou cascalho) de pedra-pomes. O termo 'ignimbrita' deriva de ‘rocha de nuvem ardente’ (do latim igni- (fogo) e imbri- (chuva)), e forma-se como o resultado de imensas explosões de cinza piroclástica, lapilli e blocos fluindo descendentemente pelas laterais de vulcões.

Ignimbritos podem ser brancos, cinzas, rosas, bege, castanhos ou pretos dependendo de sua composição e densidade. Muitos ignimbritos pálidos são dacíticos ou riolíticos. As mais escuras podem ser densamente vitrófiras (i.e. vítreas) ou, menos comumente, máficas em composição.

Referências

  • Branney MJ., Kokelaar P. (1992) A reappraisal of ignimbrite emplacement: progressive aggradation and changes from particulate to non-particulate flow during emplacement of high-grade ignimbrites. Bulletin of Volcanology. Vol 54, pp 504–520
  • Branney M.J. & Kokelaar, B.P. 2002, Pyroclastic Density Currents and the Sedimentation of Ignimbrites. Geological Society London Memoir 27, 143pp.
  • Branney M.J., Barry T.L., Godchaux M. (2004) Sheathfolds in rheomorphic ignimbrites. Bulletin of Volcanology. Vol 66, pp 485-491
  • Sparks R.S.J.(1976) Grain size variations in ignimbrites and implications for the transport of pyroclastic flows. Sedimentology 23, 147-188
  • Chapin C.E., Lowell G.R. (1979) Primary and secondary flow structures in ash-flow tuffs of the Gribbles Run paleovalley, central Colorado. Geology Society of America Special Paper. Vol 180, pp 137–154
  • Schmincke .H.-U, Swanson D.A. (1967) Laminar viscous flowage structures in ash-flow tuffs from Gran Canaria, Canary Islands. Geology. Vol 75, pp641–664
  • Freundt A. (1998) Formation of high grade ignimbrites Part II A pyroclastic suspension current model with implications for low grade ignimbrites. Bulletin of Volcanology. Vol 60, pp 545-567
  • Perez W., Alvarado G.E., GANS P.B (2006) The 322ka Tiribi Tuff: stratigraphy, geochronology and mechanisms of deposition of the largest and most recent ignimbrite in Valle Central, Costa Rica. Bulletin of Volcanology. Vol 69, pp 25-40
  • Ragan D.M., Sheridan M.F. (1972) Compaction of the Bishops Tuff. Geology society of America special bulletin. Vol 83, pp 95-106
  • Wolff J.A., Wright J.V. (1981) Rheomorphism of welded tuffs. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 10: 13–34
  • Kobberger G., Schmincke H. U. (1999) Deposition of rheomorphic ignimbrite D (Morgan Formation), Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain. Bulletin of Volcanology. Vol 60, pp 465-485

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