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A condição de área de passagem entre a Eurásia e a África, de um lado, e entre o Mar Mediterrâneo e o Oceano Índico de outro, favoreceu o comércio de caravanas que enfraqueceu-se posteriormente em proveito das rotas marítimas, renovadas pela abertura do canal de Suez em 1869. Logo antes da Primeira Guerra Mundial, a região já era a maior produtora petrolífera do mundo e, por isso, despertava o interesse das grandes potências, tornando-se objeto de rivalidades e conflitos internacionais. Além da economia baseada no petróleo e das fortes desigualdades sociais, a região também apresenta problemas nas uniões tribais e étnicas, na fragilidade das estruturas de governo e, sobretudo na centralização islâmica da vida política.
A maioria dos Estados do Oriente Médio surgiram sob influencia do imperialismo franco-britânico, com a queda do Império Turco-Otomano após a I Guerra Mundial, assim a maior parte da região seria dividida em protetorados. A Palestina, a Transjordânia (atual Jordânia), o Egito, o Iraque (antiga Mesopotâmia) e a Pérsia (atual Irã) ficaram sob domínio da Inglaterra e a Síria e o Líbano tornaram-se protetorados franceses. Essa divisão obedeceu aos interesses das potências, que não levaram em conta os problemas específicos da região como as minorias étnicas e religiosas.
O Oriente Médio permanece uma das áreas mais instáveis do mundo, devido a uma série de motivos que vão desde a contestação das fronteiras traçadas pelo colonialismo franco-britânico, a posição geográfica, no contato entre três continentes; suas condições naturais, pois a maior parte dos países ali localizados são dependentes de água de países vizinhos; a presença de recursos estratégicos no subsolo, caso específico do petróleo; posição no contexto geopolítico mundial; até a proclamação do Estado de Israel na Palestina em 1948, o que de imediato provocou uma série de conflitos conhecidos como as guerras árabes-israelenses, entre eles a guerra de independência de Israel, a Guerra dos Seis Dias, a Guerra de Suez e a Guerra do Iom Quipur.
↑Maria T. O'Shea. Trapped Between the Map and Reality: Geography and Perceptions of Kurdistan. Routledge, 2004: p.100 "Simultaneously, 1000 Christians were killed in Salmas, in a massacre instigated by Simko"
↑ abcdefghijklmPolitical Science. Middle East/North Africa/Persian Gulf Region. University of Central Arkansas. Retrieved 2011. [1]
↑Jonathan Glancey (19 de abril de 2003). «Our last occupation». London: Guardian. Consultado em 1 de fevereiro de 2011 "The rebellion was thwarted, with nearly 9,000 Iraqis killed."
↑Noel Joseph Guckian. British Relations with Trans-Jordan, 1920–1930. University College of Wales, Aberystwyth. Ph.D Thesis: pp. 217–218. May 1985.
↑M. Kalman, Belge, tanık ve yaşayanlarıyla Ağrı Direnişi 1926–1930, Pêrî Yayınları, İstanbul, 1997, ISBN 9758245015, p. 105.
↑"Der Krieg am Ararat" (Telegramm unseres Korrespondenten) Berliner Tageblatt, October 3, 1930, "… die Türken in der Gegend von Zilan 220 Dörfer zerstört und 4500 Frauen und Greise massakriert."
↑[6]Arquivado em 20 de março de 2012, no Wayback Machine. "Since 1965, the Libyan-backed Front for the Liberation of Occupied South Yemen and the National Liberation Front had unleashed brutal violence on British forces in the south. In the end, the conflict claimed some 200,000 lives."
↑[9]Arquivado em 14 de outubro de 2012, no Wayback Machine. Todays Zaman. Turkey tries to heal coup detat wounds. "During this coup 650,000 people were detained, prosecutors demanded the death penalty for 7,000 people, 517 were sentenced to death, and 50 were executed. A further 500 people died in prisons, some under suspicious circumstances, some during torture and others on hunger strikes. Sixteen prisoners were shot while attempting to escape. Official records say 74 others were killed during prison riots."
↑Europa Publications Limited, The Middle East & North Africa, Volume 50: p.303
↑K. McLachlan, Iran and the Continuing Crisis in the Persian Gulf. GeoJournal, Vol.28, Issue 3, Nov. 1992, p.359; "400 Die as Iranian Marchers Battle Saudi Police in Mecca; Embassies Smashed in Tehran…" New York Times, 8/2/87
↑Vahakn N. Dadrian. (2003). The History of the Armenian Genocide: Ethnic Conflict from the Balkans to Anatolia to the Caucasus. New York: Berghahn Books. pp. 360–361. ISBN 1-5718-1666-6;
↑Nat. Arch. 891.00/1-1547. 15 January 1947. Touraj Atabaki. Azerbaijan: Ethnicity and the Struggle for Power in Iran. [Revised Edition of Azerbaijan. Ethnicity and Autonomy in the Twentieth-Century Iran] London: I.B.Tauris. 2000. pg 227. "A British source cited by the US Embassy in Tehran gives the number of killed Democrats as 421. The American Embass’s report has been classified under wash."
↑Tadeusz Swietochowski. Russia and Azerbaijan: A Borderland in Transition. New York: Columbia. University Press. 1995. p. 154. "Rossow conservatively estimated 500 killed during the lawless interregnum that preceded the coming of the Iranian troops. Hundreds of others were tried and jailed. and scores were hanged."
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