Tołpyga pstra

Tołpyga pstra
Hypophthalmichthys nobilis[1]
(Richardson, 1845)
Ilustracja
Systematyka
Domena

eukarionty

Królestwo

zwierzęta

Typ

strunowce

Podtyp

kręgowce

Gromada

promieniopłetwe

Rząd

karpiokształtne

Rodzina

karpiowate

Rodzaj

Hypophthalmichthys

Gatunek

tołpyga pstra

Synonimy
  • Aristichthys nobilis (Richardson, 1845)
  • Leuciscus nobilis Richardson, 1845
Kategoria zagrożenia (CKGZ)[2]

brak danych
Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons
Risotto, tołpyga i łosoś (od lewej)

Tołpyga pstra[3] (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis) – gatunek słodkowodnej ryby z rodziny karpiowatych (Cyprinidae). Poławiana gospodarczo.

Występowanie

Pochodzi z Chin, gdzie już od 2 tys. lat była hodowana w stawach. Gatunek introdukowany od 1949 w wielu krajach całego świata, również w Polsce (od 1965[4]). W kilku krajach, w tym w Stanach Zjednoczonych, uznana za gatunek inwazyjny. Ryba ciepłolubna, preferuje ciepłe wody w rzekach, jeziorach i kanałach, zwłaszcza podgrzewanych.

W listopadzie 2014 w Odrze we Wrocławiu złowiono osobnika o długości 122 cm[5], a kolejnego, o długości 120 cm, złowiono w grudniu 2015 r. w dolnośląskich stawach Jelcza-Laskowic[6].

Cechy morfologiczne

Dorasta do 1,12 metra długości i 45 kg masy ciała. Ciało wydłużone, silnie bocznie spłaszczone. Duży otwór gębowy bez wąsików. Jeden szereg zębów gardłowych. Jest większa i ma większą głowę niż tołpyga biała, a oczy położone niżej. Posiada również nierównomiernie rozłożone ciemne plamy na ciele. Ubarwienie złotawoszare.

Odżywianie

Tołpyga pstra żywi się początkowo fitoplanktonem, a w miarę rozwoju zaczyna pobierać również zooplankton oraz małe ryby.

Rozród

Dojrzewa płciowo w wieku 4–7 lat w zależności od rejonu występowania. Ikra jest pelagiczna. Jedna samica składa od 80 tys. do 600 tys. jaj. Jest rybą długowieczną. Krzyżuje się z karpiem, amurem białym i tołpygą białą. W Polsce nie rozmnaża się w warunkach naturalnych.

Znaczenie gospodarcze

Tołpyga pstra została introdukowana do zbiorników wodnych ze względu na swoje preferencje pokarmowe. Żywiąc się fitoplanktonem przyczynia się do zmniejszenia tempa zarastania zbiorników. Smaczne mięso i szybki przyrost masy ciała spowodowały, że gatunek hodowany jest obecnie w akwakulturach ponad 70 krajów świata.

Synonimy

Tołpyga pstra została opisana naukowo pod nazwą Leuciscus nobilis przez Johna Richardsona w 1845. Później była zaliczana do rodzaju Aristichthys Oshima, 1919.

Ochrona

Tołpyga pstra nie jest objęta w Polsce ochroną gatunkową.

Zobacz też

Przypisy

  1. ↑ Hypophthalmichthys nobilis, [w:] Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
  2. ↑ Hypophthalmichthys nobilis, [w:] The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (ang.).
  3. ↑ Ryby. Warszawa: Wiedza Powszechna, 1973 (wyd. II 1976), seria: Mały słownik zoologiczny.
  4. ↑ A. Witkowski, J. Grabowska. The non-indigenous freshwater fishes of Poland: Threats for native ichthyofauna and consequence for fishery: A review. „Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria”. 42 (2), s. 77–87, 2012. DOI: 10.3750/AIP2011.42.2.01. (ang.). 
  5. ↑ Marcin Kowalski: Tołpyga 122cm. Wędkarstwo Moja Pasja.
  6. ↑ Ależ ryba! Złowiona w stawie w Jelczu [online], Gazetawroclawska.pl [dostęp 2015-12-23].

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