Hertugdømmet Holstein

Hertugdømmet Holstein (dansk: Holsten) var en stat som lå mellom Eider og Elben. Tidligere var Holstein et grevskap, men ble i 1474 opphøyd til hertugdømme av keiser Fredrik III av Det tysk-romerske rike ved å gjøre Christian I til hertug av Holstein, som ble en del av Det tysk-romerske rike som et riksumiddelbart område. Hertugdømmet utgjorde den nordligste delen av Det tysk-romerske rike.

Tross den store majoriteten tyskspråklige, og det faktum at området formelt lå under den tysk-romerske keiser, ble Holstein påvirket av de tette båndene til Danmark. Med unntak av tumultene under og like etter Napoleonskrigene var Holstein til en viss grad underlagt tysk forfatning. Fram til 1806 var det underlagt Det tysk-romerske rike og etter Rhinforbundets avvikling ble det en del av Det tyske forbund fra 1816. Likevel var det politikken som ble ført av den danske monarken, og de økonomiske forbindelsene med Danmark som styrte utviklingen i Holstein. Holstein på sin side har påvirket Danmarks historie mer enn noe annet område utenfor rikets grenser.

Grenser

Dansk grensestein med Frederik VIs monogram fra 1827 i Pinneberg

Hertugdømmet Holstein grensa i nord til Sønderjylland (eller Hertugdømmet Slesvig). Elva Eider markerte grensa til Slesvig. I nordøst hadde Holstein kystlinje til Østersjøen, i sørøst grensa det til hansastaden Lübeck og Mecklenburg. Mot sør til det tidligere hertugdømmet Lauenburg, og til Hamburg og provinsen Hannover. I vest ligger kystlinja til Nordsjøen. Mellom Lübeckbukta og Kielbukta ligger halvøya Wagrien. Halvøya er skilt fra den fruktbare øya Femern ved det 320 meter breie og 3 meter djupe Fehmarnsundet. Den breie bukta ved Meldorf skjærer seg fra Nordsjøen og inn i Ditmarsken.

Holstein bestod av fire gamle landskap:

  1. Stormarn mellom elvene Bille, Trave og Stör,
  2. Holstein mellom Schwentine, Eider, Gieselau og Stör,
  3. Wagrien, halvøya mellom Kiel og Lübeckbukta
  4. Ditmarsken mellom Elben og Eiders munninger;

Innenfor grensene lå også Pinneberg med Altona (med status som herlighet) og grevskapet Rantzau, i alt 8453 km2.

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