Kepala

Jangan dikelirukan dengan kelapa.
"Hulu" dilencongkan ke sini. Untuk kegunaan lain, sila lihat Hulu (nyahkekaburan).
Lakaran kepala manusia, daripada buku Gray's Anatomy.

Dalam anatomi, kepala (Jawi: ‏كڤالا‎‎) atau hulu (Jawi: ‏هولو‎‎) ialah bahagian rostral (menurut istilah lokasi anatomi) yang biasanya terdiri daripada otak, mata, telinga, hidung, dan mulut yang kesemuanya membantu pelbagai fungsi deria seperti penglihatan, pendengaran, hidu, dan sentuhan. Beberapa haiwan yang sangat sederhana tidak memiliki kepala, tetapi haiwan yang berbentuk simetri bilateral lazimnya memiliki kepala.

Perkataan kepala meminjam Sanskrit: कपाल kapāla yang bermaksud "tengkorak",[1] manakala hulu pula kata Melayu asli turunan akar Austronesia *quluh.[2][3]

Hubungan dengan manusia

Dalam masyarakat penutur bahasa Austronesia termasuk bahasa Melayu, "hulu" dan "kepala" dilanjutkan maksudnya dengan penungkapan berkaitan benda yang puncak, pertama atau bertitik mula.[4] Misalnya, "hulu" itu boleh dimaksudkan kepada pemegang sesebuah keris (hulu keris), seseorang berkuasa mengetuai sesebuah kelompok (penghulu), bahagian atas sebatang sungai (hulu sungai)[5] atau masa yang telah berlaku (dahulu); manakala "kepala" pula boleh dimaksudkan kepada bahagian atau lapisan teratas sesuatu permukaan (kepala kain) mahupun cecair (kepala susu).[6]

Rujukan

  1. ^ Monier-Williams, Monier (1981). A Sanskrit-English Dictionary. Delhi, Varanasi, Patna: Motilal Banarsidass. m/s. 271. - melalui Edi Sedyawati dkk. (1994). Kosakata Bahasa Sanskerta dalam Bahasa Melayu Masa Kini. Jakarta, Indonesia: Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Republik Indonesia. m/s. 96.
  2. ^ Blust, Robert; Trussel, Stephen (2010). "*quluh: head". Austronesian Comparative Dictionary. Dicapai pada 7 April 2022.
  3. ^ Hoogervorst, Tom G. (2023), Klamer, Marian; Moro, Francesca (penyunting), Lexical Influence from South Asia, Brill, m/s. 39, ISBN 978-90-04-52893-2
  4. ^ Blust, Robert (2013). "5: The lexicon". The Austronesian languages (ed. dikemaskini). Canberra, Australia: Universiti Nasional Australia. m/s. 321–323. ISBN 9780858836020.
  5. ^ Lihat:
    • "hulu". Kamus Dewan (ed. ke-4). Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka Malaysia. 2017.
    • "hulu". Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (ed. ke-3). Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa Indonesia. 2016.
  6. ^ Lihat:
    • "kepala". Kamus Dewan (ed. ke-4). Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka Malaysia. 2017.CS1 maint: date and year (link)
    • "kepala". Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (ed. ke-3). Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa Indonesia. 2016.
Ikon tunas

Rencana anatomi ini ialah rencana tunas. Anda boleh membantu Wikipedia dengan mengembangkannya.

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