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Ecdysozoa; Julat zaman: Cambrian - Recent PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N Possible traces age 556 Ma
Pengelasan saintifik
Domain:	Eukaryota
Alam:	Haiwan
Subalam:	Eumetazoa
Klad:	ParaHoxozoa
Klad:	Bilateria
Klad:	Nefrozoa
(tanpa pangkat):	Protostomia
Superfilum:	Ecdysozoa; Aguinaldo et al., 1997
Phyla
	Scalidophora Kinorhyncha; Priapulida; Loricifera; ; †Palaeoscolecida; Cryptovermes Nematoida Nematoda; Nematomorpha; ; Panarthropoda †"Lobopodia"; Onychophora; Arthropoda; Tardigrada; ; ; †Saccorhytida?; †Acosmia; †Laojieella;

Ecdysozoa (diucapkan sebagai: /ˌɛkdɪˈsoʊzoʊ.ə/) adalah kumpulan haiwan protostoma,^[4] termasuklah Arthropoda (serangga, kelicerata (termasuk arakhnid), krustasia, dan miriapoda), Nematoda, dan beberapa filum kecil lain. Pengumpulan filum haiwan ini ke dalam satu klad telah dicadangkan pertama kali oleh Eernisse et al. (1992) berdasarkan analisis filogenetik 141 ciri morfologi ultrastruktur dan fenotip embriologi.^[5] Klad ini, iaitu kumpulan yang terdiri daripada nenek moyang yang sama dan semua keturunannya, dinamakan secara rasmi oleh Aguinaldo et al. pada tahun 1997, berdasarkan terutamanya pada pohon filogenetik yang dibina menggunakan gen RNA ribosomal 18S.^[6]

Satu kajian besar pada tahun 2008 oleh Dunn et al. dengan tegas menyokong monofili Ecdysozoa.^[7]

Kumpulan Ecdysozoa disokong oleh banyak ciri morfologi, termasuklah pertumbuhan dengan ekdisis, dengan kerpis kulit luar yang bertukar - tanpa mitosis dalam epidermis - di bawah kawalan prohormon ekdisone, dan pembuahan dalaman.^[8]

Kumpulan ini pada awalnya diperselisihkan oleh sebahagian besar minoriti biologi. Sesetengah menghujah untuk pengumpulan berdasarkan teknik taksonomi yang lebih tradisional,^[9] manakala yang lain memperselisihkan interpretasi data molekul.^[10]^[11]

Filogeni

Ecdysozoa merangkumi phyla berikut: Arthropoda, Onychophora, Tardigrada, Kinorhyncha, Priapulida, Loricifera, Nematoda, dan Nematomorpha. Beberapa kumpulan lain, seperti gastrotrichs, telah dianggap sebagai ahli kumpulan yang mungkin tetapi tidak mempunyai ciri utama kumpulan tersebut, dan kini diletakkan di tempat lain. Arthropoda, Onychophora, dan Tardigrada telah digabungkan sebagai Panarthropoda kerana mereka dibezakan oleh pelan badan bersisik.^[12] Dunn et al. pada tahun 2008 mencadangkan bahawa tardigrada boleh digabungkan bersama dengan nematoda, meninggalkan Onychophora sebagai kumpulan adik kepada arthropoda.^[7] Ahli Ecdysozoa bukan-panarthropod telah digabungkan sebagai Cycloneuralia tetapi mereka lebih biasanya dianggap parafilitik dalam mewakili keadaan primitif dari mana Panarthropoda berkembang.^[13]

Sebuah pohon filogenetik konsensus moden untuk protostomia ditunjukkan di bawah.^[14]^[15]^[16]^[17]^[18]^[19] Ia ditunjukkan apabila kira-kira kumpulan-kumpulan menjalar ke dalam kumpulan-kumpulan yang lebih baru dalam jutaan tahun yang lalu (Mya); garisan putus menunjukkan penempatan yang tidak pasti.^[20]

Pohon filogenetik ini berdasarkan pada kajian oleh Nielsen et al.^[21] dan Howard et al.^[22]

Bilateria

Xenacoelomorpha

Nephrozoa

Deuterostomia

Protostomia

Ecdysozoa

Scalidophora

Loricifera

	Priapulida

	Kinorhyncha

Cryptovermes

Nematoida

	Nematoda

	Nematomorpha

Panarthropoda

Tardigrada

Antennopoda

	Onychophora

	Arthropoda

Spiralia

Kimberella †

610 mya

Rujukan

^ ^a ^b Howard RJ, Giacomelli M, Lozano-Fernandez J, Edgecombe GD, Fleming JF, Kristensen RM, dll. (2022). "The Ediacaran origin of ecdysozoa: Integrating fossil and phylogenomic data". Journal of the Geological Society. 179 (4). Bibcode:2022JGSoc.179..107H. doi:10.1144/jgs2021-107. hdl:2445/186596. S2CID 246494357 Check |s2cid= value (bantuan). Dicapai pada 2023-07-30.
^ Liu, Yunhuan; Carlisle, Emily; Zhang, Huaqiao; Yang, Ben; Steiner, Michael; Shao, Tiequan; dll. (17 Ogos 2022). "Saccorhytus is an early ecdysozoan, and not the earliest deuterostome". Nature (dalam bahasa Inggeris). 609 (7927): 541–546. Bibcode:2022Natur.609..541L. doi:10.1038/s41586-022-05107-z. hdl:1983/454e7bec-4cd4-4121-933e-abeab69e96c1. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 35978194 Check |pmid= value (bantuan). S2CID 251646316 Check |s2cid= value (bantuan).
^ Howard, Richard J.; Edgecombe, Gregory D.; Shi, Xiaomei; Hou, Xianguang; Ma, Xiaoya (23 November 2020). "Ancestral morphology of Ecdysozoa constrained by an early Cambrian stem group ecdysozoan". BMC Evolutionary Biology (dalam bahasa Inggeris). 20 (1): 156. doi:10.1186/s12862-020-01720-6. ISSN 1471-2148. PMC 7684930. PMID 33228518.
^ Telford, Maximilian J.; Bourlat, Sarah J.; Economou, Andrew; Papillon, Daniel; Rota-Stabelli, Omar (2008). "The evolution of the Ecdysozoa". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 363 (1496): 1529–1537. doi:10.1098/rstb.2007.2243. ISSN 0962-8436. PMC 2614232. PMID 18192181.
^ Eernisse, D.J.; Albert, J.S.; Anderson, F.E. (1992). "Annelida and Arthropoda are not sister taxa: A phylogenetic analysis of spiralian metazoan morphology". Systematic Biology. 41 (3): 305–330. doi:10.1093/sysbio/41.3.305.
^ Aguinaldo, A.M.A.; Turbeville, J.M.; Linford, L.S.; Rivera, M.C.; Garey, J.R.; Raff, R.A.; Lake, J.A. (29 May 1997). "Evidence for a clade of nematodes, arthropods, and other moulting animals". Nature. 387 (6632): 489–493. Bibcode:1997Natur.387R.489A. doi:10.1038/387489a0. PMID 9168109. S2CID 4334033.
^ ^a ^b Dunn, C.W.; Hejnol, A.; Matus, D.Q.; Pang, K.; Browne, W.E.; Smith, S.A.; dll. (10 April 2008). "Broad phylogenomic sampling improves resolution of the animal tree of life". Nature. 452 (7188): 745–749. Bibcode:2008Natur.452..745D. doi:10.1038/nature06614. PMID 18322464. S2CID 4397099.
^ Ax, P. (1985). "The position of the Gnathostomulida and Platyhelminthes in the phylogenetic system of the Bilateria". Dalam Conway Morris, S.; George, J.D.; Gibson, R.; Platt, H.M. (penyunting). The Origins and Relationships of Lower Invertebrates. Systematics Association Special Volume. 28. New York, NY: Clarendon / Oxford University Press. m/s. 168–180. ISBN 019857181X. OCLC 59186778 – melalui Internet Archive (archive.org). proceedings of an international symposium held in London, September 1983 ISBN 9780198571810
^ Nielsen, Claus (1995). Animal Evolution: Interrelationships of the living phyla. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-850682-9.
^ Blair, J.E.; Ikeo, Kazuho; Gojobori, Takashi; Hedges, S. Blair (8 April 2002). "The evolutionary position of nematodes". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 2: 7. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-2-7. PMC 102755. PMID 11985779.
^ Wägele, J.W.; Erikson, T.; Lockhart, P.; Misof, B. (December 1999). "The Ecdysozoa: Artifact or monophylum?". Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research. 37 (4): 211–223. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0469.1999.tb00985.x.
^ "Panarthropoda". Paleos (palaeos.com). Invertebrates. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2007-02-07. Dicapai pada 17 February 2007.
^ Webster, Bonnie L.; Copley, Richard R.; Jenner, Ronald A.; Mackenzie-Dodds, Jacqueline A.; Bourlat, Sarah J.; Rota-Stabelli, Omar; dll. (November 2006). "Mitogenomics and phylogenomics reveal priapulid worms as extant models of the ancestral Ecdysozoan". Evolution & Development. 8 (6): 502–510. doi:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2006.00123.x. PMID 17073934. S2CID 22823313.
^ Edgecombe, Gregory D.; Giribet, Gonzalo; Dunn, Casey W.; Hejnol, Andreas; Kristensen, Reinhardt M.; Neves, Ricardo C.; dll. (Jun 2011). "Higher-level metazoan relationships: Recent progress and remaining questions". Organisms, Diversity & Evolution. 11 (2): 151–172. doi:10.1007/s13127-011-0044-4. S2CID 32169826.
^ Fröbius, Andreas C.; Funch, Peter (4 April 2017). "Rotiferan Hox genes give new insights into the evolution of metazoan bodyplans". Nature Communications. 8 (1): 9. Bibcode:2017NatCo...8....9F. doi:10.1038/s41467-017-00020-w. PMC 5431905. PMID 28377584.
^ Smith, Martin R.; Ortega-Hernández, Javier (2014). "Hallucigenia's onychophoran-like claws and the case for Tactopoda" (PDF). Nature. 514 (7522): 363–366. Bibcode:2014Natur.514..363S. doi:10.1038/nature13576. PMID 25132546. S2CID 205239797.
^ "Palaeos Metazoa: Ecdysozoa". palaeos.com. Dicapai pada 2017-09-02.
^ Yamasaki, Hiroshi; Fujimoto, Shinta; Miyazaki, Katsumi (Jun 2015). "Phylogenetic position of Loricifera inferred from nearly complete 18S and 28S rRNA gene sequences". Zoological Letters. 1: 18. doi:10.1186/s40851-015-0017-0. PMC 4657359. PMID 26605063.
^ Nielsen, C. (2002). Animal Evolution: Interrelationships of the Living Phyla (ed. 2nd). Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-850682-1.
^ Peterson, Kevin J.; Cotton, James A.; Gehling, James G.; Pisani, Davide (27 April 2008). "The Ediacaran emergence of bilaterians: Congruence between the genetic and the geological fossil records". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences. 363 (1496): 1435–1443. doi:10.1098/rstb.2007.2233. PMC 2614224. PMID 18192191.
^ Nielsen, Claus; Brunet, Thibaut; Arendt, Detlev (22 Ogos 2018). "Evolution of the bilaterian mouth and anus". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 2 (9): 1358–1376. doi:10.1038/s41559-018-0641-0. ISSN 2397-334X. PMID 30135501. S2CID 52067372.
^ Howard, Richard J.; Giacomelli, Mattia; Lozano-Fernandez, Jesus; Edgecombe, Gregory D.; Fleming, James F.; Kristensen, Reinhardt M.; dll. (10 Mac 2022). "The Ediacaran origin of Ecdysozoa: Integrating fossil and phylogenomic data". Journal of the Geological Society. 179 (4). Bibcode:2022JGSoc.179..107H. doi:10.1144/jgs2021-107. hdl:2445/186596. ISSN 0016-7649. S2CID 246494357 Check |s2cid= value (bantuan).

[Howard-Giacomelli-etal-2022-1] Howard RJ, Giacomelli M, Lozano-Fernandez J, Edgecombe GD, Fleming JF, Kristensen RM, dll. (2022). "The Ediacaran origin of ecdysozoa: Integrating fossil and phylogenomic data". Journal of the Geological Society. 179 (4). Bibcode:2022JGSoc.179..107H. doi:10.1144/jgs2021-107. hdl:2445/186596. S2CID 246494357 Check |s2cid= value (bantuan). Dicapai pada 2023-07-30.

[2] Liu, Yunhuan; Carlisle, Emily; Zhang, Huaqiao; Yang, Ben; Steiner, Michael; Shao, Tiequan; dll. (17 Ogos 2022). "Saccorhytus is an early ecdysozoan, and not the earliest deuterostome". Nature (dalam bahasa Inggeris). 609 (7927): 541–546. Bibcode:2022Natur.609..541L. doi:10.1038/s41586-022-05107-z. hdl:1983/454e7bec-4cd4-4121-933e-abeab69e96c1. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 35978194 Check |pmid= value (bantuan). S2CID 251646316 Check |s2cid= value (bantuan).

[3] Howard, Richard J.; Edgecombe, Gregory D.; Shi, Xiaomei; Hou, Xianguang; Ma, Xiaoya (23 November 2020). "Ancestral morphology of Ecdysozoa constrained by an early Cambrian stem group ecdysozoan". BMC Evolutionary Biology (dalam bahasa Inggeris). 20 (1): 156. doi:10.1186/s12862-020-01720-6. ISSN 1471-2148. PMC 7684930. PMID 33228518.

[TelfordBourlat2008-4] Telford, Maximilian J.; Bourlat, Sarah J.; Economou, Andrew; Papillon, Daniel; Rota-Stabelli, Omar (2008). "The evolution of the Ecdysozoa". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 363 (1496): 1529–1537. doi:10.1098/rstb.2007.2243. ISSN 0962-8436. PMC 2614232. PMID 18192181.

[5] Eernisse, D.J.; Albert, J.S.; Anderson, F.E. (1992). "Annelida and Arthropoda are not sister taxa: A phylogenetic analysis of spiralian metazoan morphology". Systematic Biology. 41 (3): 305–330. doi:10.1093/sysbio/41.3.305.

[6] Aguinaldo, A.M.A.; Turbeville, J.M.; Linford, L.S.; Rivera, M.C.; Garey, J.R.; Raff, R.A.; Lake, J.A. (29 May 1997). "Evidence for a clade of nematodes, arthropods, and other moulting animals". Nature. 387 (6632): 489–493. Bibcode:1997Natur.387R.489A. doi:10.1038/387489a0. PMID 9168109. S2CID 4334033.

[nature_phylo-7] Dunn, C.W.; Hejnol, A.; Matus, D.Q.; Pang, K.; Browne, W.E.; Smith, S.A.; dll. (10 April 2008). "Broad phylogenomic sampling improves resolution of the animal tree of life". Nature. 452 (7188): 745–749. Bibcode:2008Natur.452..745D. doi:10.1038/nature06614. PMID 18322464. S2CID 4397099.

[8] Ax, P. (1985). "The position of the Gnathostomulida and Platyhelminthes in the phylogenetic system of the Bilateria". Dalam Conway Morris, S.; George, J.D.; Gibson, R.; Platt, H.M. (penyunting). The Origins and Relationships of Lower Invertebrates. Systematics Association Special Volume. 28. New York, NY: Clarendon / Oxford University Press. m/s. 168–180. ISBN 019857181X. OCLC 59186778 – melalui Internet Archive (archive.org). proceedings of an international symposium held in London, September 1983 ISBN 9780198571810

[9] Nielsen, Claus (1995). Animal Evolution: Interrelationships of the living phyla. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-850682-9.

[Blair-10] Blair, J.E.; Ikeo, Kazuho; Gojobori, Takashi; Hedges, S. Blair (8 April 2002). "The evolutionary position of nematodes". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 2: 7. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-2-7. PMC 102755. PMID 11985779.

[11] Wägele, J.W.; Erikson, T.; Lockhart, P.; Misof, B. (December 1999). "The Ecdysozoa: Artifact or monophylum?". Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research. 37 (4): 211–223. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0469.1999.tb00985.x.

[12] "Panarthropoda". Paleos (palaeos.com). Invertebrates. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2007-02-07. Dicapai pada 17 February 2007.

[13] Webster, Bonnie L.; Copley, Richard R.; Jenner, Ronald A.; Mackenzie-Dodds, Jacqueline A.; Bourlat, Sarah J.; Rota-Stabelli, Omar; dll. (November 2006). "Mitogenomics and phylogenomics reveal priapulid worms as extant models of the ancestral Ecdysozoan". Evolution & Development. 8 (6): 502–510. doi:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2006.00123.x. PMID 17073934. S2CID 22823313.

[14] Edgecombe, Gregory D.; Giribet, Gonzalo; Dunn, Casey W.; Hejnol, Andreas; Kristensen, Reinhardt M.; Neves, Ricardo C.; dll. (Jun 2011). "Higher-level metazoan relationships: Recent progress and remaining questions". Organisms, Diversity & Evolution. 11 (2): 151–172. doi:10.1007/s13127-011-0044-4. S2CID 32169826.

[Fröbius-15] Fröbius, Andreas C.; Funch, Peter (4 April 2017). "Rotiferan Hox genes give new insights into the evolution of metazoan bodyplans". Nature Communications. 8 (1): 9. Bibcode:2017NatCo...8....9F. doi:10.1038/s41467-017-00020-w. PMC 5431905. PMID 28377584.

[16] Smith, Martin R.; Ortega-Hernández, Javier (2014). "Hallucigenia's onychophoran-like claws and the case for Tactopoda" (PDF). Nature. 514 (7522): 363–366. Bibcode:2014Natur.514..363S. doi:10.1038/nature13576. PMID 25132546. S2CID 205239797.

[Palaeos_Metazoa:_Ecdysozoa-17] "Palaeos Metazoa: Ecdysozoa". palaeos.com. Dicapai pada 2017-09-02.

[18] Yamasaki, Hiroshi; Fujimoto, Shinta; Miyazaki, Katsumi (Jun 2015). "Phylogenetic position of Loricifera inferred from nearly complete 18S and 28S rRNA gene sequences". Zoological Letters. 1: 18. doi:10.1186/s40851-015-0017-0. PMC 4657359. PMID 26605063.

[19] Nielsen, C. (2002). Animal Evolution: Interrelationships of the Living Phyla (ed. 2nd). Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-850682-1.

[20] Peterson, Kevin J.; Cotton, James A.; Gehling, James G.; Pisani, Davide (27 April 2008). "The Ediacaran emergence of bilaterians: Congruence between the genetic and the geological fossil records". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences. 363 (1496): 1435–1443. doi:10.1098/rstb.2007.2233. PMC 2614224. PMID 18192191.

[21] Nielsen, Claus; Brunet, Thibaut; Arendt, Detlev (22 Ogos 2018). "Evolution of the bilaterian mouth and anus". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 2 (9): 1358–1376. doi:10.1038/s41559-018-0641-0. ISSN 2397-334X. PMID 30135501. S2CID 52067372.

[22] Howard, Richard J.; Giacomelli, Mattia; Lozano-Fernandez, Jesus; Edgecombe, Gregory D.; Fleming, James F.; Kristensen, Reinhardt M.; dll. (10 Mac 2022). "The Ediacaran origin of Ecdysozoa: Integrating fossil and phylogenomic data". Journal of the Geological Society. 179 (4). Bibcode:2022JGSoc.179..107H. doi:10.1144/jgs2021-107. hdl:2445/186596. ISSN 0016-7649. S2CID 246494357 Check |s2cid= value (bantuan).

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Ecdysozoa

Filogeni

Rujukan

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