Elektrinė varža

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Elektrinė varža

Elektrinė varža (R) – kūno savybė priešintis elektros srovei. Ji egzistuoja todėl, kad laisvieji elektronai sąveikauja su laidininko atomais. Kiekvieną kartą išvaduojant elektroną iš atomo įtakos, panaudojama šiek tiek energijos, kuri virsta šiluminiais nuostoliais, o kartais ir šviesa. Ji dar vadinama aktyviąja varža. Jos didumas priklauso nuo medžiagos, iš kurios sudarytas kūnas, savitosios elektrinės varžos ir kūno formos. Varžos matavimo vienetas yra omas (Ω). Judėdami kūnu, elektronai atsitrenkia į jo atomus ir perduoda jiems energiją, kartu įkaitindami kūną ir naudodami šaltinio energiją. Elektrinė varža yra objekto geometrinių matmenų ir savitosios varžos funkcija:

kur

l – laidininko ilgis metrais,
S – plotas kvadratiniais metrais,
ρ – medžiagos savitoji elektrinė varža, matuojama Ω · m.

Elektrinė varža taip pat gali būti išreikšta iš Omo dėsnio:

kur

U – potencialų skirtumas išilgai objekto, skaičiuojamas voltais,
I – elektros srovė, tekanti per objektą, skaičiuojama amperais.

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