Proto-Gnosticism

 
Part of a series on
Gnosticism
Gnostic concepts
Gnostic sects and founders
Proto-Gnosticism
Judean / Israelite
Christian Gnosticism
Persian Gnosticism
Chinese Gnosticism
Islamic Gnosticism
Modern
Scriptures
Texts
Codices
Influenced by
Influence on

Proto-Gnosticism or pre-Gnosticism refers to movements similar to Gnosticism during the first few centuries of Christianity. Proto-Gnostics did not have the same full-fledged theology of the later Gnostics, but did prefigure some of their views.[1][2] There is, however, some debate regarding the existence of proto-Gnosticism in the first century.[3]

New Testament

Some believe that the opponents mentioned in 1 John, Jude and 1-2 Corinthians are proto-Gnostics or partly proto-Gnostic.[4][5][6] According to some the Corinthian church that was criticized by Paul the Apostle and which existed in the time of Paul included proto-Gnostic beliefs.[6]

Possible identifications with proto-Gnosticism

  • Maghāriya were a minor Jewish sect that appeared in the first century BCE, their special practice was the keeping of all their literature in caves in the surrounding hills of Israel. They made their own commentaries on the Bible and the law. The Maghāriya believed that God is too sublime to mingle with matter, thus they did not believe that God directly created the world, but that an angel, which represents God created the earth which is similar to the Mandaean demiurgic Ptahil. Some scholars have identified the Maghāriya with the Essenes or the Therapeutae.[7][8][9]
  • Philo of Alexandria: Some have argued that Philo of Alexandria held a few proto-Gnostic views, because he seems to see knowledge as something in opposition to the flesh, however modern scholarship has criticized the claim.[10][11][12]
  • Odes of Solomon: though most scholars believe the book to be written by a Christian influenced by the Qumran community, a minority have argued that the book has Gnostic views, such as James White.[13][self-published source?][14][15]
  • Some scholars have noted some similarities with the Ascension of Isaiah and Gnostic beliefs.[16]
  • Thomasines: Some have claimed that the Thomasines were proto-Gnostic, but it is disputed by scholarship.[17][18]
  • Slavonic Enoch: the book of 2 Enoch possibly has proto-Gnostic elements.[19]
  • Gospel of Mary: The Gospel of Mary can perhaps be identified with proto-Gnosticism.[20][21]

References

  1. ^ Streett, Daniel R. (2011). They Went Out from Us: The Identity of the Opponents in First John. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-024770-1.
  2. ^ Segal, Alan (2010). Life After Death: A History of the Afterlife in Western Religion. Crown Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-307-87473-3.
  3. ^ Chester, Stephen J. (2005). Conversion at Corinth: Perspectives on Conversion in Paul's Theology and the Corinthian Church. A&C Black. ISBN 978-0-567-04053-4.
  4. ^ Jensen, Matthew D. (2012). Affirming the Resurrection of the Incarnate Christ: A Reading of 1 John. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-56119-8.
  5. ^ Philliber, Michael (2011). Gnostic Trends in the Local Church: The Bull in Christ's China Shop. Wipf and Stock Publishers. ISBN 978-1-61097-414-1.
  6. ^ a b Ooi, Samuel Hio-Kee (2015). A Double Vision Hermeneutic: Interpreting a Chinese Pastor's Intersubjective Experience of 'Shi' Engaging 'Yizhuan' and Pauline Texts. ISD LLC. ISBN 978-0-227-90292-9.
  7. ^ "Minor Sects". www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved 2022-04-12.
  8. ^ Stuckenbruck, Loren T.; Gurtner, Daniel M. (2019). T&T Clark Encyclopedia of Second Temple Judaism Volume Two. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-0-567-66095-4.
  9. ^ Hastings, James (1957). Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics. Scribner.
  10. ^ Runia, Douwe (David) (1993). Jewish Traditions in Early Christian Literature, Volume 3 Philo in Early Christian Literature: A survey. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-27516-4.
  11. ^ Gerlach, Karl (1998). The Antenicene Pascha: A Rhetorical History. Peeters Publishers. ISBN 978-90-429-0570-2.
  12. ^ Martyn, J. Louis (2005). Theological Issues in the Letters of Paul. A&C Black. ISBN 978-0-567-03031-3.
  13. ^ Denzer, Pam. "Odes of Solomon: Early Hymns of the Jewish Christian Mystical Tradition".
  14. ^ White, James R. (1998). Mary--Another Redeemer?. Baker Books. ISBN 978-1-4412-1399-0.
  15. ^ Charlesworth, James H. (1998). Critical Reflections on the Odes of Solomon. Sheffield Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-85075-660-6.
  16. ^ Helmbold, Andrew K. (1972). "Gnostic Elements in the 'Ascension of Isaiah'". New Testament Studies. 18 (2): 222–227. doi:10.1017/S0028688500012820. ISSN 1469-8145. S2CID 171025228.
  17. ^ Hogeterp, Albert (2010). Expectations of the End: A Comparative Traditio-Historical Study of Eschatological, Apocalyptic and Messianic Ideas in the Dead Sea Scrolls and the New Testament. Brill. ISBN 978-90-474-2509-0.
  18. ^ Smith, Andrew Phillip (2014). A Dictionary of Gnosticism. Quest Books. ISBN 978-0-8356-3097-9.
  19. ^ Charlesworth, James H. (2010). The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha. Hendrickson Publishers. ISBN 978-1-59856-491-4.
  20. ^ Komoszewski, J. Ed; Sawyer, M. James; Wallace, Daniel B. (2006). Reinventing Jesus: How Contemporary Skeptics Miss the Real Jesus and Mislead Popular Culture. Kregel Publications. ISBN 978-0-8254-9756-8.
  21. ^ McLean, B. H. (2014). Hellenistic and Biblical Greek: A Graduated Reader. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-02558-5.

Read other articles:

Masjid Huaisheng

مسجد هوايشينغMasjid HuaishengMasjid Huaisheng adalah salah satu masjid tertua di dunia, yang menurut tradisi pertama kali dibangun oleh paman Muhammad, Sa`d ibn Abi WaqqasAgamaAfiliasiIslamDistrikKota GuangzhouProvinsiGuangdongWilayahChinaEcclesiastical or organizational statusMasjidLokasiLokasiGuangzhou, ChinaKoordinatKoordinat: 23°7′31.38″N 113°15′12.91″E / 23.1253833°N 113.2535861°E / 23.1253833; 113.2535861ArsitekturArsitek?TipeMasjidRampung...

 

الدوري العراقي الممتاز 2009–10

يفتقر محتوى هذه المقالة إلى الاستشهاد بمصادر. فضلاً، ساهم في تطوير هذه المقالة من خلال إضافة مصادر موثوق بها. أي معلومات غير موثقة يمكن التشكيك بها وإزالتها. (ديسمبر 2018) الدوري العراقي الممتاز الموسم الحاليدوري أندية العراق 2009/2010 الرياضة كرة القدم البلد  العراق القارة آس...

 

Takaishi, Osaka

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Takaishi, Osaka – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) City in Kansai, JapanTakaishi 高石市CityTakaishi City Hall FlagchapterLocation of Takaishi in Osaka PrefectureTakaishiLocation ...

Ville sous-provinciale

Cet article est une ébauche concernant la Chine. Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (comment ?) selon les recommandations des projets correspondants. Les villes sous-provinciales (副省级城市) sont des divisions administratives de la république populaire de Chine. Comme les villes-préfectures, elles sont situées au niveau immédiatement inférieur à la province ou à la région autonome. Leur maire dispose cependant de plus grands pouvoirs, puisque son st...

 

Alex Rae

Questa voce o sezione sugli argomenti allenatori di calcio britannici e calciatori britannici non cita le fonti necessarie o quelle presenti sono insufficienti. Puoi migliorare questa voce aggiungendo citazioni da fonti attendibili secondo le linee guida sull'uso delle fonti. Segui i suggerimenti dei progetti di riferimento 1, 2. Questa voce sugli argomenti allenatori di calcio britannici e calciatori scozzesi è solo un abbozzo. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di...

 

Corona del Regno di Polonia

Questa voce o sezione sugli argomenti stati scomparsi e Polonia non cita le fonti necessarie o quelle presenti sono insufficienti. Puoi migliorare questa voce aggiungendo citazioni da fonti attendibili secondo le linee guida sull'uso delle fonti. Segui i suggerimenti dei progetti di riferimento 1, 2. Corona del Regno di Polonia (dettagli) (dettagli) Motto: Gaude Mater Polonia Corona del Regno di Polonia - LocalizzazioneLa Corona del Regno di Polonia all'interno della Confederazione pola...

Moscow

Capital and largest city of Russia Not to be confused with Moscow Oblast. Moskva redirects here. For other uses, see Moscow (disambiguation) and Moskva (disambiguation). This article may be too long to read and navigate comfortably. When this tag was added, its readable prose size was 15,546 words. Consider splitting content into sub-articles, condensing it, or adding subheadings. Please discuss this issue on the article's talk page. (March 2024) Capital city and federal city in RussiaMoscow ...

 

Amateur Radio on the International Space Station

This article needs to be updated. The reason given is: Hardware failure following a January 2021 spacewalk,[1] and updates on planned 2020 changes. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (January 2021) A student speaks to crew on the International Space Station using Amateur Radio equipment, provided free by volunteers of the ARISS program.. Astronaut Doug Wheelock operating ham radio from the ISS Amateur Radio on the International Sp...

 

Пугачёва, Алла Борисовна

Запрос «Пугачёва» перенаправляется сюда; см. также другие значения. Алла Пугачёва На фестивале «Славянский базар в Витебске», 2016 год Основная информация Полное имя Алла Борисовна Пугачёва Дата рождения 15 апреля 1949(1949-04-15) (75 лет) Место рождения Москва, СССР[1]...

Vegemite

VegemiteVegemite di sebuah roti panggangTipemerek makanan, Olesan PenemuCyril P. Callister Tahun peluncuran1922 ProdusenBega Group Situs webhttp://www.vegemite.com.au/  Vegemite (/ˈvɛdʒɪmaɪt/ vej-I-myte)[1][2] adalah sebuah makanan olesan roti Australia yang kental dan berwarna coklat tua[3] yang terbuat dari sisa ekstrak khamir pembuatan bir dengan tambahan aditif makanan, yang terdiri atas berbagai rempah-rempah dan sayuran. Makanan ini ...

 

Episodi di South Park (diciannovesima stagione)

Questa voce o sezione sull'argomento serie televisive d'animazione non cita le fonti necessarie o quelle presenti sono insufficienti. Puoi migliorare questa voce aggiungendo citazioni da fonti attendibili secondo le linee guida sull'uso delle fonti. Segui i suggerimenti del progetto di riferimento. Voce principale: Episodi di South Park. La diciannovesima stagione della serie televisiva South Park, composta da 10 episodi, è stata trasmessa negli Stati Uniti, da Comedy Central, dal 16 s...

 

جرائم قتل بفأس فيليسكا

هذه مقالة غير مراجعة. ينبغي أن يزال هذا القالب بعد أن يراجعها محرر؛ إذا لزم الأمر فيجب أن توسم المقالة بقوالب الصيانة المناسبة. يمكن أيضاً تقديم طلب لمراجعة المقالة في الصفحة المخصصة لذلك. (ديسمبر 2021) هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة �...

Lei Áurea

Lei Áurea (pengucapan bahasa Portugis: [ˈlej ˈawɾiɐ]; bahasa Indonesia: Hukum Emas), yang diadopsi pada 13 Mei 1888, adalah sebuah hukum yang meniadakan perbudakan di Brasil.[1] Hukum tersebut didahului oleh Hukum Rio Branco pada 28 September 1871 (Hukum Kelahiran Bebas), yang membevaskan seluruh anak yang lahir dari orang tua budak, dan oleh Hukum Saraiva-Cotegipe (juga dikenal sebagai Hukum Seksagenarian), dari 28 September 1885, yang membebaskan budak ketika mereka m...

 

Université du Guangxi

Université du GuangxiHistoireFondation 1928StatutType Université publiqueNom officiel 廣西大學Régime linguistique ChinoisFondateur Ma JunwuMembre de 中西部高校综合实力提升工程 (d), Double First Class University Plan (en)Site web www.gxu.edu.cnLocalisationPays République populaire de ChineVille Nanningmodifier - modifier le code - modifier Wikidata L'université du Guangxi (chinois simplifié : 广西大学 ; chinois traditionnel : 廣西大學 ;...

 

Antropologia

Disambiguazione – Se stai cercando le scienze demo-etno-antropologiche, vedi Scienze demo-etno-antropologiche. Questa voce o sezione sull'argomento Antropologia non cita le fonti necessarie o quelle presenti sono insufficienti. Puoi migliorare questa voce aggiungendo citazioni da fonti attendibili secondo le linee guida sull'uso delle fonti. Prometeo porta il fuoco all'umanità, di Heinrich Friedrich Füger (1817) Prometeo è stato talvolta citato dagli antropologi in quanto simbolo m...

葡萄牙人

  此条目页的主題是歐洲的一個民族。关于葡萄牙國歌，請見「葡萄牙人 (國歌)」。 葡萄牙人Português總人口[a][1][2][3][4]1亿2千5百万分佈地區 葡萄牙 10,374,822 (2011年人口普查，无论种族)[5] 巴西85,000,000(葡萄牙血统)[6][7] 美国1,471,550 (葡萄牙血统) 委內瑞拉1,300,000 (葡萄牙血统)[8] 法國1,243,420 (葡萄牙血统)&#...

 

Ricardo Latcham

Si ce bandeau n'est plus pertinent, retirez-le. Cliquez ici pour en savoir plus. Cet article ne cite pas suffisamment ses sources (janvier 2016). Si vous disposez d'ouvrages ou d'articles de référence ou si vous connaissez des sites web de qualité traitant du thème abordé ici, merci de compléter l'article en donnant les références utiles à sa vérifiabilité et en les liant à la section « Notes et références ». En pratique : Quelles sources sont attendues ? C...

 

List of ambassadors of the United States to Fiji

Ambassador of the United States to FijiSeal of the United States Department of StateIncumbentMarie C. Damoursince November 24, 2022NominatorThe President of the United StatesAppointerThe Presidentwith Senate advice and consentInaugural holderRobert Woltz Skiffas Chargé d'Affaires ad interimFormationNovember 1, 1971WebsiteU.S. Embassy - Suva The United States ambassador to Fiji is the official representative of the government of the United States to the government of Fiji. The ambassado...

Ferdinand Marschall

Austrian football referee Ferdinand Marschall Marschall in 1972Born (1924-02-19)19 February 1924Timișoara, RomaniaDied 14 November 2006(2006-11-14) (aged 82)Waldzell, AustriaDomesticYears League Role1953–1974 Austrian football championship RefereeInternationalYears League Role1967–1974 FIFA listed Referee Ferdinand Marschall (19 February 1924 – 14 November 2006) was an Austrian football referee. Refereeing career In 1953 Marschall became a referee in the Austrian football champion...

 

Universiti Teknologi MARA

Malaysian public university MARA Technological UniversityUniversiti Teknologi MARAاونيۏرسيتي تيكنولوڬي ماراEmblemFormer namesRIDA Training Centre (1956–1965)MARA College (1965–1967)MARA Institute of Technology (1967–1999)MottoUsaha, Taqwa, Mulia (Malay)[1]Motto in EnglishEndeavour, Religious, Dignified[2]TypePublicEstablishedNovember 1956; 67 years ago (November 1956)[3]AffiliationMajlis Amanah RakyatBudgetMYR 1.99 bi...