Peloponnesus

Vide etiam paginam fere homonymam: Peloponnesus (regio Graeciae).
Tabula Peloponnesi
Viae commeatus in Peloponneso

Peloponnesus,[1][2][3] (Graece Πελοπόννησος) olim Morea, est paeninsula fere 1.000.000 incolarum, quae a continente Graeciae in meridiem versa sita est.

Urbs maxima est Patrae (214 580 inc.) in paeninsula septentrionali sita, Corinthus autem ab oriente et Sparta a meridie ob longissimam et annorum et rerum gestarum seriem illustrissimae sunt.

Origo nominis

Nomen a quodam heroe mythologiae Graecae nomine Pelope deductum est, quem Graeci antiqui Olympiae venerabantur. Filius Tantali regis fuisse dicitur. Secunda nominis pars (νήσος) Latine "insula" valet, quare insulae nomen "insula Pelopis" verti potest[4]. Medio Aevo et usque ad libertatem Graeciae recuperatam (1822) Morea dicta est, quod nomen a verbo Graeco pro "moro" (μορέα) deductum est, forsitan, quod haec arbor serico conficiendo magni momenti erat.

Geographia

Peloponnesus es maxime meridiana Balcaniae pars et simul regio, quae latissime in Mare Mediterraneum prominet. In extrema Peloponneso meridiana Promunturium Taenarum situm est. Ab oriente paeninsula a Mari Aegaeo, ab occidente a Mari Ionio terminatur.

A continente Peloponnesus per Isthmum Corinthium, cui est latitudo 6,3 chiliometroum, accedi potest. Quamquam anno 1893 Canalis Corinthius completus est, quo naves per Isthmum agi possent, Peloponnesus tamen non insula habetur, quia canalis opus arte humana confectum est. Ab anno 2004 Peloponnesus etiam inter locos Rhium et Antirrhium ponte 2.2 chiliometrorum (Pons Charilaus Tricupes; Graece publice Γέφυρα Χαρίλαος Τρικούπης, vulgo Γέφυρα Ρίου-Αντιρρίου) cum continente coniuncta est.

Regiones Peloponnesi inter se maxime differunt: Sunt et montes (usque ad 2400 m altitudinis) asperi, incolis carentes, et valles sive planities ad mare sitae fertiles, densissime inhabitatae. Quae imprimis ab occidente inter Patras et Pyrgum et a meridie circa Spartam patent.

Sub specie historiae telluris Peloponnesus olim fuit insula, quae Lamina Africana et Lamina Araba in septentriones motis adversus continentem pressa est, (vide etiam Tectonica laminarum). Quod cognosci potest ex pluribus montibus praeruptis, geologice admodum minores aetate, qui Peloponnesum transeunt. Imprimis in Arcadia montes 1500–1900 metrorum difficiles sunt aditu, lacunis, quae delapsu carent (Polje), abundantes, in quibus partim lacus exsistunt. Exemplum est Stymphalus lacus, qui interea exsiccatus est.

Cacumina in Peloponneso septentrionali usque ad 2374 m, in meridiana ad 2407 m surgunt (Taygetus). Valles inter montes sitae saepe pro rebus Graecis admodum fecundae sunt. Iterum ac saepius incendia, quorum interdum homines causae sunt, regiones hauriunt, ad ultimum aestate 2007.

Quod lamina adhuc moventur, Peloponnesus una cum Italia est una ex regionibus Europae terrae motibus maxime exposita.

Divisio administrativa

Peloponnesus hodie ex septem unitatibus regionalibus exstat, quae reformatione administrativa anni 2010 (vide: Libellus Callicratis) pristinis praefecturis sive nomis subierunt.

Pars paeninsulae est Peloponnesus regio (Graece: περιφέρεια), cui sunt quinque unitates regionales. Pars Regionalis Corinthiae Unitatis trans isthmum in continentem Graeciae patet. Achaea et Elis una cum Aetoloacarnania in contiente boreo-occidentali sita regionem Graeciam Occidentalem efficiunt. Pars paeninsulae Methanae et tractus litoris Argolidis sicut et insulae in Sinu Saronico et ante austro-orientalem Peloponnesi litus sitas ad Atticam regionem pertinent.

Regiones historicae et urbes

Tabula Peloponnesi antiquae

Historia

Spelunca Franchthium ad oram maritimam Argolici sinus iacens, est antiquissimus Graeciae locus habitationis humanae, quo res Palaeolithicae (ab 15 000 a.C.n.) repertae sunt. Inter fere annos ab 1600] ad 1050 a.C.n. in Peloponneso fuerunt loci Culturae Mycenaeae maximi momenti, inter quos Mycenae et Tiryns. Dores a saeculo XI exeunte, ut putatur, Peloponnesum invaserunt. Praeter Dores in paeninsula boreo-occidentali Achaei sedes collocaverunt. Tempore classico Sparta plurimum valuit, post Pugnam Leuctrictam (371 a.C.n.) Sparta victa Peloponnesus ab Arcadico foedere recta est. Postea Macedonico regno subdita demum in Romanorum dicionem venit, qui anno 146 a.C.n. Corinthum deleverant. Antiquitate posteriore exeunte magna Peloponnesi pars a Slavis habitata est (vide etiam Colonizatio Slavica Balcaniae). Postquam per multa saecula ad Imperium Romanum Orientale pertinuit, anno 1204 ab equitibus cruce signatis expugnata est, qui paeninsulam Moream appellaverunt. Loca, quae Myzethram circumiacerunt, mox a copiis byzantinis recuperata sunt. A saeculo XV Respublica Veneta et Imperium Ottomanicum pluries, sed vario Marte, de paeninsula certaverunt. Annis ab 1686 ad 1715 omnis Morea fuit provincia Veneta; postquam Graecia anno 1821 libertatem nacta est, nomine antiquo pars novae civitatis facta est.

Loci antiqui noti

Urbes antiquae Peloponnesi

Loci byzantini noti

Alii loci pluris momenti historic

Fontes

Plura legere si cupis

Notae

  1. Peloponnēsus vel rarius -os, gen. , nomen femininum. Adiectiva sunt Peloponnensis, Peloponnēsiacus, Peloponnēsius.
  2. Oxford Latin Dictionary ed. P. G. W. Glare (Oxonii: Clarendon Press, 1968–1982).
  3. Cf.Peloponnesus” apud C. T. Lewis et C. Short (1879). A Latin Dictionary. Oxoniae: Oxford University Press.
  4. Tria nomina Pelope antiquiora a Nicolao Damasceno tradita sunt : Apia, Pelasgia, Argos (libro quarto Historiarum, fragmentum 23)

Nexus externi

Vicimedia Communia plura habent quae ad Peloponnesum spectant.
Situs geographici et historici: Locus: 37°20′59″N 22°21′8″E • OpenStreetMap • GeoNames • Pleiades • Store norske Lexikon • Treccani

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