나가

나가 (라오스, 비엔티안)

나가(नाग, Naga)는 인도 신화에서 대지의 보물을 지키는 반(半)격의 강력한 힘을 소유한 이나 이다. 나가라는 말은 산스크리트어로 뱀, 특히 코브라 등의 독사를 가리키는 말이다. 때문에 대개 목을 쳐든 코브라의 모습으로 몇 개의 머리를 갖기도 하고 상반신은 인간의 모습으로 묘사되기도 한다. 적을 한방에 죽음에 이르게 할 수 있는 강력한 독과 아무리 상처를 입어도 금세 아물어 버리는 놀라온 회복력을 가지고 있어 삶과 죽음을 다스리는 신으로 숭배받았다. 가루다와는 오랜 옛날부터 적대 관계이다.

나가는 풍요와 연관되기도 하지만 때로는 위험한 존재이다. 힌두교의 우주관에서의 세계는 7층의 지하세계가 있다고 여겨지는데, 지하세계의 맨 마지막 층인 파탈라(나가로카)라는 세계에는 수많은 나가가 살고 있다고 한다. 그 중에는 악한 것도 있는 반면, 선한 것도 있다. 나가에는 여러 부족으로 이루어져 있는데, 각 부족의 은 나가라자, 즉 용왕이라 불린다. 그리고 이 용왕 중 가장 연장자인 세샤(또는 이난타)라 부르는 용왕이 모든 나가를 총괄하고 있다.

나가인 바수키는 바다 젓기 전설에서 밧줄 대신 사용되었고, 나중에는 악마를 물리칠 힘을 가진 허리띠로 시바가 착용했다. 최고신 비슈누는 휴식을 취할 때 세샤 위에서 잠이 든다. 세샤의 머리는 신에게 그늘을 드리워주지만, 세샤의 하품은 지진을 일으킨다.

불교에서 나가는 불교 경전을 수호하는 물의 신으로 종종 간주된다. 한 전승에 따르면, 나가는 불교 철학자 나가르주나를 자신의 왕국으로 데려갔다. 이곳에서 나가르주나는 대승 불교의 경전인 《반야바라밀다경》을 재발견했다. 고타마 붓다는 인간이 이 경전을 받을 준비가 될 때까지 나가에게 맡겼다고 한다. 또 다른 전승에서는 용왕 엘라파트라가 인간으로 둔갑하고 붓다의 설법을 들었다.

용왕들은 고타마 붓다의 생애를 묘사한 불전도에서도 볼 수 있다. 용왕 중 하나인 무칠린다는 태풍이 부는 동안 똬리를 틀어 고타마를 에워싸고 목 부분을 넓게 펴서 명상에 든 붓다가 비를 맞지 않도록 보호한다. 용왕은 를 관장하고 강, 호수, 바다를 지킨다고 한다. 또한 번개로 인한 화재에서 지켜준다. 나가는 에는 하늘로 오르고 겨울에는 지하 깊은 곳에 산다.

갤러리

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