개선문

파리에투알 개선문.

개선문(凱旋門, Triumphal Arch)은 전쟁터에서 승리해 돌아오는 황제 또는 장군을 기리기 위하여 세운 문을 말하며, 일반적으로 개인 또는 국민이 이룩한 공적을 기념할 목적으로 세운 대문 형식의 건조물을 말한다.

기원에 대해서는 기념군상(記念群像)의 대좌(臺座)가 발전한 것이라고 보는 견해도 있고, 구조물의 주체를 이룬 아치는 이탈리아 에트루리아의 도시문(都市門)에서 유래된 것이라고 보는 설도 있으나, 개선식장으로 향하여 가는 길에 만들어 꾸민 장식에서 점차 항구적인 독립 건축물이 되었다는 것이 일반론이다. 이러한 기념문은 고대 로마에 많이 세워졌는데, 아치형의 통로인 공랑(拱廊)에 원주(圓柱) 등을 배치하여 조각으로 장식한 본격적인 형식을 취하기 시작한 시기는 제정 로마의 초기로 추정된다.

기본적인 형식은 큰 아치 하나로 된 단공식(單拱式)과 그 좌우에 작은 아치를 곁들인 삼공식(三拱式) 등이 있으며, 단공식은 로마의 티투스 개선문과 같은 것이고, 삼공식은 로마의 콘스탄티누스 개선문과 같은 것이다. 여기에서 더 나아가 공랑을 십자형으로 교차하여 4면에 아치를 설치한 형식도 있었다.

이러한 전례를 모방하여 후세에 와서, 특히 근대에 국가주의가 대두하게 되자, 유럽 여러 곳에서 개선문을 세웠다. 파리의 에투알 개선문카루젤 개선문, 도리스식 원주를 배열한 베를린의 브란덴부르크 개선문 등은 대표적인 예이다.

세계의 개선문

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