木橋

ドイツにある木橋

木橋（もくきょう）とは主要部材に木材を用いた橋である。

概要

橋の材料として古くから用いられており、現在でも人道橋など荷重強度が小さな橋を中心に架設例がある。日本では、1954年時点の建設省の資料で国道、府県道に57,368本の木橋が存在していたが、うち重量制限が加えられている橋は20,037本であり[1]、高度成長期に向けて交通量が増加するとコンクリートや鋼材を材料とする橋に置き換えられ、ほとんどが姿を消した。しかし、1987年の建築基準法改正以降は、従来の無垢材に加えて集成材の利用が可能となり、矢ケ崎大橋のような支間長50mを越える橋も建設された[2]。これらは従前の伝統的木橋と区別して「近代木橋」と呼ばれることもある[3]。構造自体が木橋でも、歩行面が土の場合、土橋と呼ばれることがある。

鉄筋コンクリートや鋼材、繊維強化プラスチックなどとの複合橋も架設されている。

橋梁形式

刎橋、桁橋、トレッスル橋、トラス橋、アーチ橋を中心に各種の形式がある。

城郭における役割

中世城郭の各部名称 ①横堀 ②土塁 ③連続竪堀 ④堀切 ⑤畝堀 ⑥障子堀 ⑦枡形虎口 ⑧土橋・平虎口 ⑨馬出 ⑩木橋 ⑪曲輪 ⑫櫓台

城に用いられる橋を大別すると、土橋、石橋、木橋に大別される。木橋は撤去が容易であり、主要路で使用される土橋とは別に重要度の低い通路に使用され、戦時には敵の移動を制限するために撤去された[4]。使用された木材は、板は丸鋸などの製材技術が無い中世では高級品であり拠城や戦略度の高い場所で、専門家を雇って建築されたと考えられる。居住性のない山城でも見られるが、構造は簡素で使用される木材も丸太のような加工が施されていない材木が多用された[5]。

ギャラリー

脚注

  1. ^ 「制限無視の事故は自業自得」『日本経済新聞』昭和29年10月10日11面
  2. ^ 町田初男「2014年春期生物劣化研究会「これからの木橋を考える」に参加して」『木材保存』第40巻第4号、日本木材保存協会、2014年9月9日、183-186頁、doi:10.5990/jwpa.40.183、2019年8月17日閲覧。 
  3. ^ “木橋概説” (PDF). 土木学会. 2019年8月17日閲覧。
  4. ^ 城の戦国史　どう攻めたか　いかに守ったか 著者: 鷹橋忍 河出書房新社, 2015
  5. ^ 土の城指南 著者:西股総生 学研プラス, 2015

関連項目

外部リンク

ウィキメディア・コモンズには、木橋に関連するカテゴリがあります。
形式
可動橋
形式別一覧
サイズ別一覧
関連項目
日本の旗 日本の城関連用語
総論・一覧
築城
縄張
普請
作事
建築
部位
歴史
古代
中世
近世
織豊時代
江戸時代
江戸末期
近現代
攻城戦
その他

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