怪獣(かいじゅう、英: Kaiju, monstrous beast)とは、正体不明の生物、怪物のことを指す言葉である。ネッシーのような未確認動物 (UMA) を指す場合もある。類似ジャンルに「怪人」がある。
「怪獣」の語は中国で編纂された『山海経』で初めて現れる。同書は中国古代の戦国時代から秦代・漢代(紀元前4世紀~3世紀頃)にかけて段階的にまとめられた。同書には、伝説的な妖怪・神の類いが数多くまとめられており、「怪獣」も妖怪の類いを指す単語であった。また、前漢代の文章家・司馬相如の詩にも「怪獣」の語がある(『史記』司馬相如列伝)。
日本の場合は、阿部正信(※文化年間に駿府加番を務めている)が1843年(天保14年)に編纂した駿河国風土記『駿國雑志』の巻第24下に所収の「怪異」の章の中に「狒々」の項目が有り「此怪獣は常に木皮と篠を好て喰へり」という説明文に怪獣という単語が使われている[1]。また巻第25に「怪獣」という項目があり、有度郡小鹿村(現在の静岡市駿河区小鹿)の山中で村人に捕えられた「翼を持った猿のような動物」についての記載がある[2][3]。
1954年(昭和29年)には『ゴジラ』が公開された。『ゴジラ』のヒットは日本においては怪獣映画というジャンル自体に成長し、その中でさまざまな怪獣が創造された。今日の日本ではこれら怪獣映画などのフィクション作品に登場する巨大な生物を指す場合が多い。
一方で、怪獣映画に通じる古代の巨大生物が近代都市に出現するという構図は、たとえば1886年のカミーユ・フラマリオンによる『人類誕生以前の世界』の挿絵の時点で存在していた[4]。
この項目は、キャラクターに関連した書きかけの項目です。この項目を加筆・訂正などしてくださる協力者を求めています。
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