性決定(せいけってい、英語: sex determination)とは、雌雄が別の個体である生物において個体の性別が定まること[* 2][* 3]。有性生殖を行う動植物などには、雌性および雄性の生殖器官がある。同一個体で雌性・雄性の生殖器官双方を形成する雌雄同体の生物と、個体別に雌雄が定まる雌雄異体の生物がある。ここでは主に雌雄異体の生物の性決定について述べ、一部は雌雄同体の生物の性表現にも触れる。
哺乳類のSRY(sex-determining region Y)遺伝子は脊椎動物で見つかった最初の性決定遺伝子である[14]。SRYを持つ哺乳類での精巣誘導が性分化の決定要因であることは、マウスXX胚にSRY遺伝子を導入すると精巣が形成されて雄となることで確認された[7]。DMファミリー遺伝子DMRT1は精巣形成に関与することも知られている[25]。
単孔類カモノハシの性染色体は、有袋類や獣亜綱の性染色体との相同性が低く、むしろ鳥類のZW性染色体への相同性のほうが高い[* 30][26][27](Veyrunes et al.(2008)の性染色体進化についての説明図)。このことは獣亜綱と単孔類の性染色体は別起原であり、獣亜綱Y染色体上のSRY遺伝子も単孔類との分岐(約1.66億年前)後に成立したことを示唆している。
これらの昆虫では、ショウジョウバエのSxl(sex-lethal)、セイヨウミツバチのcsd(complementary sex determinater)、カイコのW染色体上にあると推定される性決定遺伝子Fem、イエバエの雄性決定因子Mと、それぞれ異なった遺伝子で性決定されている(表5)。しかしながら、脊椎動物のDMRT1の例と同様に、それぞれの昆虫の性決定・性分化カスケードに共通の遺伝子としてdsx(doublesex)が存在している。dsx(Amdsx,Bmdsx etc.)遺伝子は、雌雄とも同じ形のmRNA前駆体として転写されるが、性決定遺伝子の影響を受けて、両性で異なったスプライシングを受け雄型mRNA・雌型mRNAとなり、両性で異なったタンパク質に翻訳され、性分化に関与している[* 17][20]。
^塚本増久、正野俊夫、堀尾政博(1980年)「北九州産イエバエの性決定様式:日本で初めて発見された第1常染色体上の雄性決定因子」『産業医科大学雑誌』(英語論文: Tukamoto M, Shono T, Horio M(1980). "Autosomal sex-determining system of the housefly : Discovery of the first-chromosomal male factor in Kitakyushu, Japan" Journal of UOEH2(2):235-252. )
^ ab『これからの進化生態学 -生態学と進化学の融合-』65-77ページ。原著論文は Charnov, EL (1982). The theory of sex allocation. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ; Charnov, EL (1993). Life history invariants: some explorations of symmetry in evolutionary ecology. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
^『これからの進化生態学 -生態学と進化学の融合-』62-63ページ。原著論文は West, SA and Herre EA (2002). "Using sex ratios: why bother?" In ICW Hardy, ed. Sex ratios: concepts and research methods. pp.399-413. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
^『X染色体:男と女を決めるもの』12-15ページ。原著論文は Henking, H(1891). L. Zeit. Wiss. Zool.51.
^ミツバチの未受精卵・受精卵からの雄・雌の発生については、Dzierzon, J. (1845) "Gutachten ueber die von Herrn Direktor Stoehr in ersten und zweiten Kapitel des General-Gutachtens aufgestellten Fragen." Bienenzeitung.1:109-113, 119-121. で報告されていた。- Cho, S. et al.(2006). Genome Res16: 1366-1375. の1366ページの記述より。
^ベインブリッジ『X染色体:男と女を決めるもの』21-28ページ。原著論文は McLung CE(1902)Biological Bulletin3: 43; McLung CE(1901) Anatomischer Anzeinger20: 220; Steven NM(1905). Journal of Experimental Zoology2: 371; Wilson EB(1905). Science22: 500.
^ 『雄と雌の数をめぐる不思議』100-104ページ。原著論文は Clark, AB (1978). "Sex ratio and local resource competition in a prosimian primate." Science201:163-165. PMID17801832. doi:10.1126/science.201.4351.163
^ abKoopman P, Gubbay J, Vivian N, Goodfellow P, Lovell-Badge R (1991). “Male development of chromosomally female mice transgenic for SRY”. Nature351: 117-121. doi:10.1038/351117a0. PMID2030730.
^ abJanzen FJ, Paukstis GL (1991). “Environmental sex determination in reptiles: ecology, evolution, and experimental design”. Q Rev Biol66: 149-179. PMID1891591.
^Rigaud T, Juchault P, Mocquard JP (1997). “The evolution of sex determination in isopod crustaceans”. BioEssays19: 409-416. doi:10.1002/bies.950190508.
^ abcSinclair AH, Berta P, Palmer MS, Hawkins JR, Griffiths BL, Smith MJ, Foster JW, Frischauf AM, Lovell-Badge R, Goodfellow PN (1990). “A gene from the human sex-determining region encodes a protein with homology to a conserved DNA-binding motif”. Nature346: 216-217. doi:10.1038/346240a0. PMID1695712.
^ abMatsuda M, Nagahama Y, Shinomiya A, Sato T, Matsuda C, Kobayashi T, Morrey CE, Shibata N, Asakawa S, Shimizu N, Hori H, Hamaguchi S, Sakaizumi M (2002). “DMY is a Y-specific DM-domain gene required for male development in the medaka fish”. Nature417: 559-563. doi:10.1038/nature751. PMID12037570.
^ abRaymond CS, Shamu CE, Shen MM, Seifert KJ, Hirsch B, Hodgkin J, Zarkower D (1998). “Evidence for evolutionary conservation of sex-determining genes”. Nature391: 691-695. doi:10.1038/35618. PMID9490411.
^Ohbayashi F, Suzuki MG, Mita K, Okano K, Shimada T (2001). “A homologue of the Drosophila doublesex gene is transcribed into sex-specific mRNA isoforms in the silkworm, Bombyx mori”. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol.128: 145-158. PMID11163313.
^Suzuki MG, Ohbayashi F, Mita K, Shimada T (2001). “The mechanism of sex-specific splicing at the doublesex gene is different between Drosophila melanogaster and Bombyx mori”. Insect Biochem Mol Biol.31: 1201-1211. PMID11583933.
^Grützner F, Rens W, Tsend-Ayush E, El-Mogharbel N, O'Brien PC, Jones RC, Ferguson-Smith MA, Marshall Graves JA (2004). “In the platypus a meiotic chain of ten sex chromosomes shares genes with the bird Z and mammal X chromosomes”. Nature432: 913-917. doi:10.1038/nature03021. PMID15502814.
^Ramsey M, Crews D (2009). “Steroid signaling and temperature-dependent sex determination-Reviewing the evidence for early action of estrogen during ovarian determination in turtles”. Semin Cell Dev Biol20: 283-292. doi:10.1016/j.semcdb.2008.10.004.
^Kettlewell JR, Raymond CS, Zarkower D (2000). “Temperature-dependent expression of turtle Dmrt1 prior to sexual differentiation”. Genesis26: 174-178. PMID10705377.
^D'Cotta H, Fostier A, Guiguen Y, Govoroun M, Baroiller JF (2001). “Aromatase plays a key role during normal and temperature-induced sex differentiation of tilapia Oreochromis niloticus”. Mol Reprod Dev59: 265-276. PMID11424212.
Pertempuran GhazniBagian dari Perang Inggris-Afganistan PertamaPasukan Britania menyerang Benteng GhazniTanggal23 Juli 1839LokasiGhazni, AfganistanHasil Kemenangan BritaniaPihak terlibat Imperium Britania East India Company AfganistanTokoh dan pemimpin Sir John Keane Hyder KhanKekuatan 20.500 3.500Korban 200 tewas dan terluka 500 tewas, 1.600 ditangkap Pertempuran Ghazni (atau Ghuznee) berlangsung di kota Ghazni di Afganistan tengah pada tanggal 23 Juli 1839 selama Perang Inggris-Afganistan P...
Ne doit être confondu ni avec la Guyane (département français) ni avec le Suriname (ancienne Guyane hollandaise). République coopérative du Guyana(en) Co-operative Republic of Guyana Drapeau du Guyana Armoiries du Guyana Devise en anglais : One People, One Nation, One Destiny (« Un Peuple, Une Nation, Un Destin ») Hymne en anglais : Dear Land of Guyana, of Rivers and Plains (« Chère terre du Guyana, de rivières et de plaines »...
Cet article possède des paronymes, voir Poignée, Augustin Poignet et Veuve poignet. Si ce bandeau n'est plus pertinent, retirez-le. Cliquez ici pour en savoir plus. Cet article ne cite pas suffisamment ses sources (mars 2023). Si vous disposez d'ouvrages ou d'articles de référence ou si vous connaissez des sites web de qualité traitant du thème abordé ici, merci de compléter l'article en donnant les références utiles à sa vérifiabilité et en les liant à la section « Notes...
Garniga Terme commune di Italia Tempat Negara berdaulatItaliaRegion otonom dengan status khususTrentino-Tirol SelatanProvinsi di ItaliaTrentino NegaraItalia PendudukTotal384 (2023 )GeografiLuas wilayah13,13 km² [convert: unit tak dikenal]Ketinggian810 m Berbatasan denganCimone Trento Aldeno SejarahSanto pelindungHati Kudus Yesus Informasi tambahanKode pos38060 Zona waktuUTC+1 UTC+2 Kode telepon0461 ID ISTAT022091 Kode kadaster ItaliaD928 Lain-lainSitus webLaman resmi Garniga Terme...
Motorsport championship held worldwide F1, Formula 1, and FIA World Championship redirect here. For other uses, see F1 (disambiguation), Formula One (disambiguation), and List of FIA championships. Formula OneFormula One logo since 2018CategoryOpen-wheel single-seater Formula auto racingCountryInternationalInaugural season1950Drivers20Teams10Chassis manufacturers10Engine manufacturersFerrariHonda RBPTMercedesRenaultTyre suppliersPirelliDrivers' champion Max Verstappen(Red Bull Racing-Honda RB...
Italian Renaissance polymath (1452–1519) Da Vinci redirects here. For other uses, see Da Vinci (disambiguation) and Leonardo da Vinci (disambiguation). In this Renaissance Florentine name, the name da Vinci is an indicator of birthplace, not a family name; the person is properly referred to by the given name, Leonardo. Leonardo da VinciThis portrait attributed to Francesco Melzi, c. 1515–1518, is the only certain contemporary depiction of Leonardo.[1][2]BornLeona...
Swedish politician Maria ArnholmGovernor of Kronoberg CountyIncumbentAssumed office 1 February 2020Appointed byStefan LöfvenPreceded byIngrid BurmanSecretary of the LiberalsIn office3 October 2014 – 28 June 2019Party leaderJan BjörklundPreceded byNina LarssonSucceeded byJuno BlomMember of the RiksdagIn office3 October 2014 – 31 January 2020ConstituencyStockholm CountyMinister for Gender EqualityIn office21 January 2013 – 3 October 2014Prime MinisterFredr...
Japanese business For Melco International Development Limited, see Melco International Development. For the Mitsubishi company, see Mitsubishi Electric. Melco Holdings Inc.Company typePublicTraded asTYO: 6676IndustryComputer hardwareFounded1975; 49 years ago (1975) in JapanFounderMakoto MakiHeadquartersNagoya, Aichi, JapanKey peopleMakoto Maki (CEO)ProductsElectronicsRevenueJPY134.547 billionNumber of employees50 MELCO group related: 824Websitewww.melcoinc.com Melco Holdings...
Japanese jazz record label Not to be confused with Venus Records & Tapes. Venus RecordsFounded1992FounderTetsuo HaraGenreJazzCountry of originJapanOfficial websitewww.venusrecord.com Venus Records is a Japanese jazz record label. It was founded in 1992 by Tetsuo Hara, who had worked as a producer for RCA Victor.[1][2] It mostly works with a select group of artists from Italy, the United States, and Japan,[3] and uses a signature 24-bit mastering process, named Hype...
Pour les articles homonymes, voir 54e parallèle. 180° 135°W 90°W 45°W 0° 45°E 90°E 135°E 180°Tracé du parallèle de 54° nord En géographie, le 54e parallèle nord est le parallèle joignant les points de la surface de la Terre dont la latitude est égale à 54° nord. Géographie Dimensions Dans le système géodésique WGS 84, au niveau de 54° de latitude nord, un degré de longitude équivaut à 65,576 km[1] ; la longueur totale du parallèle est donc de 23...
Серия статей на темуКультура Сербии Литература Музыка Языки Изобразительное искусство Архитектура Кинематограф (Кинематограф Югославии) Телевидение Кухня Образование Религия Мифология Фольклор Философия Праздники Наука Культурное наследие пор Сербия — многокон�...
Masjid Aktobe Aktobe merupakan sebuah kota di Kazakhstan. Kota ini letaknya di bagian utara. Tepatnya di Provinsi Aktobe. Pada tahun 2010, kota ini memiliki jumlah penduduk sebesar 357.193 jiwa dan memiliki luas wilayah 400 km². Kota ini merupakan kota terbesar kelima di negara tersebut. Pranala luar Aktobe city administration Diarsipkan 2015-12-09 di Wayback Machine.. (In Russian and Kazakh) Rika TV Portal. News and Information from an Aktobe media outlet. (In Russian) Wild Natures - H...
Human viral disease This article is about the disease. For other uses, see Rubella (disambiguation). Not to be confused with either rubeola or roseola, which are also viral diseases with comparable features. Medical conditionRubellaOther namesGerman measles, three-day measlesA rash due to rubella on a child's back. The area affected is similar to that of measles but the rash is less intensely red.SpecialtyInfectious diseaseSymptomsRash, swollen lymph nodes, fever, sore throat, feeling tired...
Truck which can tip its bed, dumping its contents For other uses, see Dump truck (disambiguation). Not to be confused with Garbage truck. A dump truck dumps gravel for a road construction project A dump truck, known also as a dumping truck, dump trailer, dumper trailer, dump lorry or dumper lorry or a dumper for short, is used for transporting materials (such as dirt, gravel, or demolition waste) for construction as well as coal. A typical dump truck is equipped with an open-box bed, which is...
Ethnic community Ethnic group Malaysians of Indian descent in Penangபினாங்கு இந்தியர்கள்Kaum India di Pulau PinangChuliasA group of Tamil women in Province Wellesley (known as Seberang Perai today), Penang, 1907.Total population155,4928.9% Penang's population in 2020 [1] (census)Regions with significant populations Penang George Town: Batu Ferringhi, Gelugor, Balik Pulau, Ayer Itam[2] Seberang Perai: Kepala Batas, Nibong Tebal, Perai,...
Deddy SutomoDeddy Sutomo pada 2015 Anggota Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Republik Indonesia Fraksi Partai Demokrasi Indonesia PerjuanganMasa jabatan1 Oktober 2004 – 1 Oktober 2009PresidenSusilo Bambang YudhoyonoKetua DPR RIAgung LaksonoDaerah pemilihanJawa Tengah II Kabupaten Demak, Kabupaten Kudus & Kabupaten Jepara Informasi pribadiLahirDeddy Sutomo(1939-06-26)26 Juni 1939Batavia, Hindia BelandaMeninggal18 April 2018(2018-04-18) (umur 78)Jakarta, IndonesiaMakamTaman Pemakaman ...
Questa voce sull'argomento calciatori italiani è solo un abbozzo. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. Segui i suggerimenti del progetto di riferimento. Roberto FontaniniRoberto Fontanini con la maglia del Monza (1985)Nazionalità Italia Calcio RuoloDifensore Termine carriera1991 CarrieraGiovanili Inter Squadre di club1 1980-1981 Inter0 (0)1981-1990 Monza233 (3)1990-1991 Varese4 (0) Nazionale 1981 Italia U-203 (0) 1 I due numeri indi...
1882 set of eight idylls composed by Friedrich Nietzsche Idylls from Messina Title page for Idyllen aus Messina (German language edition from 1973)AuthorFriedrich NietzscheOriginal titleIdyllen aus MessinaLanguageGermanGenrePoetryPublication date1882Preceded byMorgenröte. Gedanken über die moralischen Vorurteile Followed byDie fröhliche Wissenschaft Idylls from Messina (‹See Tfd›German: Idyllen aus Messina) is a set of eight idylls composed by Friedrich Nietzs...
Species of bat Miniopterus sororculus Conservation status Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)[1] Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Chiroptera Family: Miniopteridae Genus: Miniopterus Species: M. sororculus Binomial name Miniopterus sororculusGoodman, Ryan, Maminirina, Fahr, Christidis & Appleton, 2007[2] Miniopterus sororculus is a species of bat endemic to the highland forests of Madagascar. Taxonomy The ...