四正勤

四正勤
	まだ生じないもの	生じたもの
不善	起こさないよう勤める	遺棄する
善	起こすように勤める	維持する

四正勤（ししょうごん、巴: cattāro sammappadhānā, チャッターロ・サンマッパダーナー）とは、仏教における修行内容の1つ。「三十七道品」の中の第2の行法で、4種の正しい努力のこと^[1]^[2]。「四精勤」（ししょうごん）^[3]、「四正断」（ししょうだん）^[4]^[1]、「四意断」（しいだん）^[1]とも訳される。

四正勤の内容は以下の通り^[1]^[2]^[3]。

断断 - 既に生じた悪を除くように勤める
律儀断 - まだ生じない悪を起こさないように勤める
随護断 - まだ生じない善を起こすように勤める
修断 - 既に生じた善を大きくするように勤める

パーリ経典において

パーリ経典においては、これはcattārimāni sammappadhānāniとして以下に定義される^[5]。

まだ生じないakusala(悪) - anuppādāya(不生)に努める
すでに生じたakusala - pahānāya(断)に努める
まだ生じないkusala(善) - uppādāya(生起)に努める
すでに生じたkusala - ṭhitiyā(維持)に努める

悪(akusala)と善 (kusala)については、論蔵およびアッタカターにおいて言及されている^[6]。一般的にakusalaは三毒をなす貪（lobha）・瞋（dosa）・癡（moha）を指している^[7]。kusalaはその反対で、無貪（alobha）、無瞋（adosa）、無癡（amoha）を指す^[8]^[9]。

脚注・出典

[脚注の使い方]

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d 『仏教学辞典』P.195「四正勤」。
^ ^a ^b 『岩波仏教辞典』第二版、P.520「正勤」。
^ ^a ^b 『ブッダ最後の旅』中村元（訳）、岩波書店〈岩波文庫〉、1995年7月、249頁。ISBN 4-00-333251-2。
^ 玄奘訳『大般若波羅蜜多経』（大正蔵220）以降にみられる新訳表現。
^ Thanissaro (1996), boldface added, repetitions elided. The Pali for what Thanissaro translates as "evil, unskillful qualities" is pāpakānaṃ akusalānaṃ dhammānaṃ and the Pali for "skillful qualities" is kusalānaṃ dhammānaṃ.
^ Bodhi (2000), p. 1939, n. 245 identifies the following sources: the Abhidhammic Vibh 208-14; and, the post-canonical Vibh.-atthakatha (Sammohavinodani) 289-96, and Vism 679.
^ At times the Visuddhimagga speaks more broadly about abandoning the ten fetters, defilements, hindrances, clingings, etc. See, for instance, Buddhaghosa & Ñāṇamoli (1999), pp. 707-709, XXII.47-63.
^ Bodhi (2000), op. cit.
^ Similar to the unwholesome/wholesome "qualities" or "states" (dhamma), a number of discourses in the Sutta Pitaka identify unwholesome/wholesome acts and their roots. For instance, in the Sammaditthi Sutta (MN 9) (Ñanamoli & Bodhi, 1991), Sariputta identifies unwholesomeness as killing, stealing, sexual misconduct, lying, malicious speech, abusive speech, gossip, covetness, ill will and wrong view. (Wholesomeness is abstaining from these unwholesome acts.) The roots of the unwholesome are greed, hate and delusion. (Roots of the wholesome are non-greed, non-hate and non-delusion.)

参考文献

中村元ほか編『岩波仏教辞典』（第二版）岩波書店、2002年10月。ISBN 4-00-080205-4。
多屋頼俊、横超慧日・舟橋一哉編『仏教学辞典』（新版）法藏館、1995年4月。ISBN 4-8318-7009-9。

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四正勤