E = mc2という式で表される質量とエネルギーの等価性は、特殊相対性理論の最も有名な結果である。相対性理論において、質量とエネルギーは1つの物理量を表す2つの異なる方法である。物理系がエネルギーを持つ場合、これに対応する質量もあり、逆も然りである。特に、核や分子などの系の温度や結合エネルギーなどエネルギーに関連する物体の全ての特性は、物体の質量に寄与し、すなわち重力源としてはたらく[20]。
メトリック関数と点間の変化率を用いてリーマン曲率テンソルと呼ばれる幾何学的な量を定義できる。これは、各点で空間もしくは時空がどのように曲がるかを正確に記述する。一般相対性理論において、メトリックとリーマン曲率テンソルは時空の各点で定義された量である。すでに述べたように、時空の物質内容は別の量、エネルギー・運動量テンソルTを定義し、「時空は物質にどのように動くかを伝え、物質は時空にどのように曲がるかを伝える」という原則はこれらの量が互いに関連しなければならないことを意味する。アインシュタインはリーマン曲率テンソルとメトリックを用いて現在アインシュタインテンソルと呼ばれ時空の曲がり方のいくつかの側面を記述する別の幾何学的量 G を定義することによりこの関係を定式化した。すると、アインシュタイン方程式は
量 G と T はそれぞれ時空の座標のいくつかの関数により決定されるため、この式は複数形Einstein's equationsと呼ばれることが多く、この式はこれらの成分関数と同等である[23]。これらの方程式の解は時空の特定の幾何学を記述する。例えば、シュワルツシルト解は恒星やブラックホールなど球体で非回転の質量の周りの幾何学を記述するが、カー解は回転するブラックホールを記述する。他の解によって重力波が記述され、フリードマン・ルメートル・ロバートソン・ウォーカー解の場合、膨張する宇宙を記述することができる。最も単純な解は曲がっていないミンコフスキー時空であり、特殊相対性理論により記述される[24]。
間接的には重力波の効果はある連星の観測により検出されていた。このような星のペアは互いに軌道を回っており、そうするにつれて重力波を放射し徐々にエネルギーを失う。太陽のような普通の恒星ではこのエネルギー損失は小さすぎて検出できないが、1974年PSR1913+16という連星パルサーで観測された。このような系では軌道を回る星の1つはパルサーである。これには2つの結果がある。パルサーは中性子星として知られる非常に密度の高い天体であり、重力波の放射は通常の星よりもずっと強い。また、パルサーは磁極から狭いビームの電磁放射線を放射する。パルサーが回転すると、灯台で回転する光からの規則正しい閃光を海上の船が観測するのと同じように、そのビームが地球上をスウィープし規則的に連なる無線パルスとして観測される。この無線パルスの規則的なパターンは非常に正確な「時計」として機能する。これは二重星の軌道周期を計るのに使うことができ、すぐ近くの時空のゆがみに鋭敏に反応する。It can be used to time the double star's orbital period, and it reacts sensitively to distortions of spacetime in its immediate neighborhood.
^この発展は例えばRenn 2005, p. 110ff.、Pais 1982の9章から15章、Janssen 2005で追うことができる。ニュートン重力を要約したものはSchutz 2003, chapters 2–4にある。ニュートン重力の問題が1907年以前にアインシュタインの頭をよぎったかどうかは不明だが、自らの認めるところではその理論を特殊相対性理論と調和させようという最初の真剣な取り組みは1907年からである。cf. Pais 1982, p. 178.
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Kennefick, Daniel (2007), “Not Only Because of Theory: Dyson, Eddington and the Competing Myths of the 1919 Eclipse Expedition”, Proceedings of the 7th Conference on the History of General Relativity, Tenerife, 2005, 0709, pp. 685, arXiv:0709.0685, Bibcode: 2007arXiv0709.0685K
Kramer, Michael (2004), “Millisecond Pulsars as Tools of Fundamental Physics”, in Karshenboim, S. G.; Peik, E., Astrophysics, Clocks and Fundamental Constants (Lecture Notes in Physics Vol. 648), Springer, pp. 33–54 (E-Print at astro-ph/0405178)
Stachel, John (1989), “The Rigidly Rotating Disk as the 'Missing Link in the History of General Relativity'”, in Howard, D.; Stachel, J., Einstein and the History of General Relativity (Einstein Studies, Vol. 1), Birkhäuser, pp. 48–62, ISBN0-8176-3392-8
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Einstein Online. Website featuring articles on a variety of aspects of relativistic physics for a general audience, hosted by the Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics
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